战国兵器铭文研究三则

本文从战国兵器铭文出发,讨论了三个小问题:第一,四川省青川县出土的"九年相邦吕不韦戈"铭中的蜀守名应为"登";第二,"四十六年上郡守凌"戈铭中的"凌"应即秦昭王时期的"王陵";第三,赵国兵器铭文"邦大夫"的执掌可能与后世的"户部"相似。     

Collapsing Commodities or Lavish Offerings? Understanding Massive Metalwork Deposition at Langton Matravers,Dorset During the Bronze Age–Iron Age Transition

The discovery of 373 intact and broken tin‐bronze socketed axes accompanied by 404 fragments in four pits at Langton Matravers collectively represents one of the largest hoards found to date in prehistoric Britain and Ireland. They were very probably never meant to be used as axes as the very high levels of tin they contain would have made them brittle. Many were poorly finished, with the majority still containing their casting cores. The axes are typologically dated to the Llyn Fawr metalwork phase (c.800–600 BC) and span the Bronze Age/Iron Age transition, when the production, circulation and deposition of bronze appear to have been substantially reduced throughout north‐west Europe. By placing the Langton Matravers hoard(s) in a broader metallurgical, material and archaeological context, existing theories for this phenomenon, such as the preference for iron, a collapse in bronze supply, or the sharp devaluation of a social or ritual ‘bronze standard’, are evaluated. It is proposed that the Langton Matravers axes belong to a short phase in the centuries‐long processes underlying the changing roles of bronze and iron.     

PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ACQUALADRONE ROSTRUM

The archaeological discovery of the Acqualadrone rostrum (an offensive naval weapon mounted on the prow at the waterline), off the Italian coast near Messina in 2008, has led to the need for scientific research in order to plan the conservation treatment of this artefact. The discovery is exceptional because of the presence of a wooden section from the original ship. This paper describes the physico‐chemical characterization of a metallic and two wooden samples by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹³C {¹H} cross‐polarization magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, gas chromatography – mass spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction. The results reveal the use of leaded bronze (Cu, 70%; Pb, 20%; Sn, 10%) in the manufacturing process of the alloy and the use of lead whose isotopic composition is referable to either Spanish or Cypriot mines. The analysis of the results relating to the wooden samples indicates their different state of preservation and, at least in some places, the spreading of caulking on the wood, probably using a vegetable resin.     

开封市博物馆收藏的几件商周有铭青铜器

本文对河南省开封市博物馆收藏的几件商周时期的有铭青铜器进行了介绍与考释,并就相关问题作了简单说明.     

Bronze alloy production during the Iron Age of Luristan: a multianalytical study on recently discovered bronze objects

Application of bronze alloy to produce artistic and religious artefacts was commonplace during the Iron Age in western Iran (1500–550 BC). These bronze artefacts are the so-called Luristan bronzes and have been found often from excavated graves and sanctuaries. The aim of this paper is to study on alloy composition and manufacturing process in some recently excavated objects from the Iron Age cemetery of Baba Jilan, northern Luristan. For this purpose, some objects were analysed by quantitative ICP-MS as well as microscopic studies by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and metallography methods. Also, some comparisons were carried out between Baba Jilan and other analysed bronze objects from Luristan in order to identify the metalworking process in bronze objects from the Iron Age of western Iran. The results showed that all Baba Jilan samples are made of binary copper-tin alloy. Tin content was variable in the composition of the samples. The variety of tin constituents proved that alloying has been performed by an uncontrolled process to produce bronze. The microscopic studies also showed that the manufacturing operations are similar in the Luristan bronzes. It was carried out to identify probable similarities in the bronze alloy production in the Iron Age of the Luristan region.     

NON‐DESTRUCTIVE INVESTIGATION OF BRONZE ARTEFACTS FROM THE MARCHES NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY USING NEUTRON DIFFRACTION*

Non‐destructive neutron diffraction techniques were applied to determine composition and microstructure data, and hence to derive information on manufacturing techniques of Picenum bronze artefacts. Furthermore, texture analyses were carried out on standards and suitable ancient artefacts to investigate their potential role in archaeometallurgical studies. This is a first step towards an overall characterization of the bronze collection of the Marches National Museum of Archaeology, Italy, and the analytical demonstration of relations with and differences compared to Etruscan metallurgy. The work is also an example application of the powerful non‐destructive archaeometrical approaches provided by time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction.     

ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HELLENISTIC METAL OBJECTS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BRONZE OBJECTS FROM RISHON LE‐ZION (ISRAEL)*

An archaeometallurgical analysis is presented of 14 bronze artefacts retrieved from an Early Hellenistic–period farmstead in controlled archaeological excavations at Rishon Le‐Zion, Israel, and dated to the first quarter of the third century bce according to coins and pottery vessels. The bronze assemblage includes a needle, pins, spatulas and fibulas. The aims of the research are to determine the composition, microstructure and manufacturing process of these artefacts, and to discover their place of production. This will provide a better understanding of Hellenistic technological abilities and material culture. The examination included optical microscopy, microhardness, SEM including EDS, and XRD. The results show that the collection consists of Cu–Sn binary alloys, with evidence for a controlled alloying process and the absence of recycling. Furthermore, the microstructure of the objects indicates that all artefacts were produced by a cold‐working process. Moreover, the manufacturing process of the rectangular cross‐section fibulas included sophisticated joining techniques of copper and iron.     

INVESTIGATION OF THE COLOURING MATERIALS OF FUSTAT CARPET FRAGMENTS

The Benaki Museum (Athens, Greece) possesses 50 fragments that, according to its archives, are recorded as having a provenance in the Fustat area. The objects are divided into three groups on the basis of the techniques employed. Most (eight) of the objects included in the present study belong to group A (8th–11th centuries). A few (five) fragments belong to groups B and C, which include objects dated up to the 18th century. The goal is to identify the colouring compounds contained in microsamples removed from the selected Fustat carpet fragments. Identifications are achieved using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection (PDA). The following compounds are identified repeatedly in many samples: laccaic acid A and other laccaic acids (components of Kerria lacca, Kerr), alizarin, purpurin and rubiadin (madder components), luteolin, apigenin and chrysoeriol (components of Reseda luteola L.), and indigotin and indirubin (components of indigoid dyes). In one sample, the type C compound (marker compound for the identification of soluble redwoods, Caesalpinia trees) is identified. The HPLC profiles collected for the samples in which madder components are detected suggest that most probably Rubia tinctorum L. (and not Rubia peregrina L.) was used during dyeing.     

AN ELEMENTAL AND LEAD‐ISOTOPIC STUDY ON BRONZE HELMETS FROM ROYAL TOMB NO. 1004 IN YIN RUINS

Lead isotope and element composition analyses were performed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES) on bronze helmets from royal tomb No. 1004 at Yin Ruins, the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty (17th to 11th centuries bc ). The data show that the copper‐based alloy helmets can be divided into two categories: tin bronze and leaded tin bronze; and the lead isotope ratios for both categories are in the range of highly radiogenic lead (HRL). This result offers some important clues to answering questions concerning the provenance of raw metal materials, as well as the chronology of this famous royal tomb.     

X‐ray Diffraction and SEM Investigation of Wall Paintings Found in the Roman Temple Complex at Horvat Omrit,Israel

In the present study, the fragments of wall painting found in the Roman Temple Complex at Horvat Omrit were analysed for the first time using the non‐destructive techniques of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) equipped with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The application of these methods enabled unambiguous identifications of the pigments and plaster components of the samples. Quantitative information on mineral composition, crystallite size and elemental composition of each studied paint layer and plaster was collected. Based on the results of the XRD and EDS analyses, the green pigment was identified as celadonite. It was revealed that the Egyptian blue pigment does not contain impurities of tin and lead, and this excludes the use of bronze scrap in its synthesis. Comparison of the mineral composition of the paint layers indicates that a wider palette of colours was obtained by mixing the available mineral pigments. The study of cross‐sections of painted specimens revealed the usage of slaked lime for plastering. The obtained results give a new insight into the wall painting technique employed by ancient artists at Horvat Omrit, in northern Israel.     

关于青铜文物深层有害锈形成与转化的分析研究

为了长久保存馆藏青铜文物,有效转化深层有害锈氯化亚铜,以仿古青铜试样为对象,应用循环伏安法、恒电位极化法等电化学实验来研究青铜在模拟中性土壤介质溶液中的电化学行为,应用X-射线衍射(XRD)、共聚焦激光Raman显微分析检测其腐蚀产物的主要物相。结果表明,氧化过程是生成有害锈氯化亚铜的反应,还原过程是氯化亚铜还原成铜的反应。运用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪(SEM-EDS)进行形貌观察和微区腐蚀产物成分分析。对氯化亚铜在不同湿度环境下的变化进行了跟踪观察。由此,为除去青铜文物深层有害锈氯化亚铜所做的一系列探讨将在博物馆藏品保护方面具有一定应用价值。     

两面罕见的西汉铜镜

郑州未来铜镜艺术博物馆收藏的一面草叶纹镜,其形制、纹饰接近满城中山靖王墓所出,也属于武帝前期。镜铭两句十六字,系楚歌体诗,有助于七言诗起源的研究。该馆收藏的另一面星云纹镜,从纹饰看属于西汉中期偏早,特点是有同类型镜罕见的铭文。内容描写思人之梦,更为镜铭中的异例。     

浙江松阳出土南宋剔犀漆器的制作工艺及材质的研究

为了研究中国古代漆器的髹漆工艺并为漆器的保护修复提供相应的科学依据,本研究通过显微镜、显微红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线荧光光谱、显微激光拉曼光谱等方法对浙江松阳出土南宋剔犀漆器残样的制作工艺和材质进行了研究分析。分析结果说明该漆器采用杉木作为漆胎,并在其上涂刷了以高岭土(AL2_O_3·2SiO_2·2H_2O)与动物毛发为主要成分的胎地填料(底灰)。然后分别在器物内外表面上髹饰上调制而成黑色和红色的天然生漆。将外表面红色漆膜雕刻成如意云纹,并在云纹边缘描绘黑漆线作为修饰,最后再在其上髹饰一层红色面漆。漆器红漆和黑漆层由同种天然生漆髹漆而成,但是两者采用的颜料分别为HgS和含Fe的黑色颜料。     

Microstructural and Componential Characterization of the Plating Technology on Chinese Han Dynasty Bronze Fragments

The bronze wares of the Han Dynasty excavated in Chongqing are decorated with plating patterns, maintaining an exquisite lustre right up to modern times after the covering patina is cleared away. In this paper, a plated fragment of the Han Dynasty from the Wushan County Museum was characterized by combining optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), X‐ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the bronze fragment was gilded with a ~ 3 μm thick gilded layer and a ~ 20 μm thick silvered layer. The high concentration of Hg and Hg‐rich intermetallic compounds confirmed the existence of mercury gilding/silvering technology, for example, Au₉Hg in the gilded layer and Ag₁₃Hg₇ in the silvered layer. An ordered stripe structure was observed in the gilded surface, corresponding to the formation of rod‐like, intermetallic Au–Hg compounds. Specifically, a high concentration of Au was detected in the silvered layer. The exploration of gilded/silvered bronze casts light on this ancient technology and the benefit of identifying, protecting and reproducing it.     

淅川春秋楚墓铜禁失蜡铸造法的工艺探讨

详细考察和分析出土铜禁时发现,铜禁体、附兽的头花和尾花、足兽的头花等均为失蜡法铸造,禁体共分25块,逐块制作。各块的透空立体花纹,是由框梗、拱梗、直梗、花梗、撑梗、连纹梗组成,各块蜡模制作后熔接成完整禁体。各蜡模制成后、浇灌范料成为模壳,烘培模壳,蜡料熔失,乘热浇注铜液。附兽身和舌、足兽身和舌是范铸。头花、尾花与兽的组合,兽与禁体的组合,全采用钎焊法。     

山东新泰出土东周青铜复合剑制作技术研究

为探讨东周青铜复合剑的制作技术,采用X光探伤、CT、XRF、金相分析等方法,对出土于山东新泰周家庄战国早期齐国墓的2把青铜复合剑进行了内部结构、制作工艺、合金技术、金相组织等方面的研究.结果表明:2把青铜复合剑均采用低锡合金和高锡合金两种材料复合而成.在检测分析的基础上,讨论了新泰出土的2把青铜复合剑与吴越特色青铜复合剑制作技术上的差异:在结构上,低锡区设置在剑脊的两侧,其截面结构呈现多种形式,与高锡区铸接,浑然一体;在成分上,低锡区含锡量仅为4％,具有锡青铜最佳的延伸率.结合青铜复合剑剑柄的特色,认为虽然新泰出土复合剑的内部结构与已研究的吴越特色青铜复合剑有明显差异,但制作理念应是一脉相承的.     

广西上林县馆藏东汉至南朝铜鼓科技分析研究

为配合保护修复的需要,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱仪对广西上林县馆藏6面东汉至南朝时期的冷水冲型铜鼓进行了科技分析。结果表明,这6面铜鼓均为铜锡铅三元合金组成,且为铸造成型,其工艺利用泥范法和失蜡法相结合的方法。由于冷水冲型铜鼓的合金成分和铸造工艺研究尚未见报道,因此,本研究分析数据为更深入研究冷水冲型铜鼓的科技内涵提供了重要参考。     

利用同墓葬出土泥芯、陶器示踪青同器铸造地初探 一以湖北襄樊部分东周墓为例

为研究出土墓葬青铜器铸造地,利用X射线荧光光谱法对湖北襄樊的余岗、沈岗、团山、陈坡四处墓地出土的部分青铜器泥芯、陶片进行测试分析,试验结果与山西侯马、武汉盘龙城遗址进行比较分析。对比研究显示,襄樊地区泥芯与当地墓土、陶片在常量元素上具有高度一致性,而与黄河流域的侯马和长江中下游的盘龙城有明显区别,说明襄樊地区这部分铜器应为本地铸造,暗示江汉流域存在自己特有文化。本项研究工作首次尝试利用同墓葬陶器化学成分探索青铜器铸造地,是泥芯研究青铜器铸造地的重要补充,泥芯和陶器相互配合,为青铜器铸造地研究提供了一种新思路。