简析巴尔扎克《人间喜剧》中的现实主义精神

在分析《人间喜剧》中现实主义精神的历史渊源、作者的创作背景、叙述方式等问题上,主要选取了巴尔扎克最具代表性的《巴黎生活场景》与《外省生活场景》中的部分小说进行读解,研究了现实主义风靡近代法国文坛的各种客观条件与主观因素,同时也探讨了这种艺术手段在文学描写中的实践应用。对于现实主义精神在巴氏小说中的侧重点,则是针对"塑造典型环境中的典型人物"这一现实主义创作原则分别解读了巴尔扎克作品中的人物刻画,艺术表现手法,思想内涵等方面,意在引起广大读者对现实主义风格小说的兴趣,为人们提供更多的阅读切入点,也使更多的人认识到现实主义精神在近现代小说发展进程中的重要地位。     

从《萌芽》透视左拉的创作观

19世纪法国左拉创作的《萌芽》,是历史上第一部反应煤矿工人罢工的小说。作品形象描绘了煤矿工人非人般的工作状况和生活的凄惨。左拉是自然主义先驱,也是批判现实主义的大师,他的作品中时常是自然主义与现实主义双重笔法的渗透。这篇赏析,通过对小说的写作手法特点来剖析其创作观。     

《老人与海》中的悲剧性以及象征意蕴

《老人与海》是海明威创作上的巅峰,是体现他独特冰山创作原则的作品,也是他赖以获得诺贝尔文学奖的主要力作。文中的老人桑地亚哥是个象征性的人物,在他的身上我们可以看到许多悲剧性的特征,正是这些悲剧性的特征体现了作家对所关注命题的沉悟与思考。透过小说表面,不能不说这是一部描写现实主义的巨作,但就整体而言,则堪称一部象征主义的作品。     

巴尔扎克爱当第三者

奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克是享有世界声誉的法国大文豪,一生创作了91部小说,合称《人间喜剧》,该书被誉为“资本主义社会的百科全书”.文学史对他的评价很高,说巴尔扎克是19世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家,欧洲批判现实主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表.     

论《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的人物形象塑造

笛福不仅是英国文学史的重要人物同时也是世界文学史上的著名人物之一,他的《鲁滨逊飘流记》脍炙人口,深受读者的喜爱。笛福在《鲁滨逊漂流记》中以普通的中产阶级人物为主人公,以现实社会生活为主要题材,在环境的具体描写中刻画人物性格,并使用日常生活中的语言写作,从而为现实主义小说的发展开拓了道路。对英国及欧洲现实主义小说创作产生深远影响,其思想和艺术都无愧于世界名著之称誉。     

回归:20世纪末小说创作潮流向

中国当代小说经历了新中国成立后17年的快速发展,又经受了十年内乱的严重挫折,到了1976年,随社会生活的历史性转折,小说回归到中国文学启蒙的传统,出现了现实主义创作潮,接着又回归到文学的本体,形成了现代主义创作潮,最后回归到小说的文本,产生了新写实主义创作潮。     

藤村小说代表作中的成长主题

《破戒》、《春》、《家》三部小说是藤村连续创作而成,是藤村最有力的社会写实作品。它们的基本倾向,与其说是自然主义的,毋宁说是现实主义的。而这现实主义的成就除了社会批判的基本方向外,还有青年一代成长问题的方向,在这个方向上,藤村不避毁誉,努力开掘,提出了一系列事关人类命运的主题,把日本近代文学推向了纵深的领域,揭开了日本式成长小说的诗篇,为艺术地再现反封建斗争和个性解放运动的日本式特征做出了卓越贡献。     

精神备忘录--颜一烟长篇自传体小说《盐丁儿》

颜一烟是中国现代坛上知名的作家,1928年开始创作学作品,早年在日本留学,抗日战争爆发后,在上海从事抗日救亡运动,后赴延安参加革命。《盐丁儿》是作家一部自传体长篇小说。本不仅对小说全进行了独有见解的评析,而且介绍了作的生平经历与小说主人公－－盐丁儿的关系。同时通过小说展示的革命与反革命背景环境的分析,以及学性、思想性的分析,阐述了小说所具有的社会深度和学深度,因本非常重视作家以数十年前的经历作为创作素材,故取名为“精神备忘录”。     

汉魏六朝人神恋小说中女神主导局面形成的原因

汉魏六朝人神恋小说的一个突出特点是"女神男人"模式占据绝大多数。这一现象首先是由汉魏六朝民间女神崇拜的状况决定的,人神祠庙信仰构造的神女世界仿照现实社会制定了"女有所归"原则,神女大都要经过婚姻的试炼才能获得独立神格,同时,巫者特别是女巫群体在女神主导特点的形成中也起到了一定作用。汉魏六朝小说的作者队伍是一个单一性别的男性群体,这导致了小说创作中男性视角的确立。男性文人在小说创作中继承了"神女赋"等确立的"神女"文学传统,并进一步以男性本位塑造小说中的"神女"形象,加固了"神女"小说及"神女"文学的模式化。     

对新时期文学生命力与世界性的强烈呼唤——解读徐成森近著《再造梦想》

徐成淼的近《再造梦想》从学创作论的高度,对我国现当代学尤其是新时期学进行了纵横捭阖的论说与评价。这本理论专在中西学比较,严肃学与通俗学的根本分野,当下小说、散、散诗创作思潮方面多有建树,全书充溢着人关怀与对中国当代学世界精神的强烈关注。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.