山东沭河上游出土人骨的食性分析研究

本研究通过对山东沭河上游大汶口文化晚期及春秋战国时期 2块人骨的碳、氮同位素分析和无机成分的锶、钡、钙等微量元素分析 ,恢复了当时人的食物结构。结论有以下两点 :1 由同位素分析可知 ,本地区贫民老百姓的食物在大汶口晚期时以C4植物为主 ,大约占 6 5 1 %的比例。此时期的食物结构存在贫富差异 ,富有者的食谱主要以C3植物为主 ,大约占 6 6 4 %的比例。 2 通过对小朱家村遗址出土的 1块人骨样品的微量元素分析 ,反映出同位素分析所表明的C3植物 ,除了少量种植的稻米外 ,可能还包括胡桃属、榛属、栗属、豆科等采集植物。     

Probable evidences of bone accumulation by Pleistocene bearded vulture at the archaeological site of El Mirón Cave (Spain)

The bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), a bird or prey that mainly feeds on bones of large mammal carcasses, has been recently evidenced as an accumulating agent with significant contributions to palaeontological assemblages in caves and shelters, but extremely rare at archaeological sites. The results of the taphonomic analyses carried out in the Upper Palaeolithic layers of El Mirón Cave (Cantabrian Spain), which are presented here, evidence the existence of special digestive marks and a typical skeletal pattern in a noticeable amount of small and medium-sized ungulates bones. This fact suggest that a representative part of the bone assemblage has been caused by bearded vultures, and strengthens the idea that this bird has to be definitely included among other potential non-human accumulators in archaeological sites.     

Bulk element composition versus trace element composition in the reconstruction of an obsidian source system

It has become possible, through compositional analysis, to differentiate among discrete obsidian quarry and collecting localities within a single source area. The analytical potential of such information is considerable yet studies are seldom undertaken owing to the difficulties associated with trace element analysis.This study is intended to explore the feasibility of using bulk element data instead of trace element data in such compositional analyses. Techniques of bulk element analysis are far more accessible to archaeologists. The results of an experiment utilizing carefully controlled samples from the El Chayal obsidian source, Guatemala, are reported and discussed.     

“Copper people” of the bronze age: The reconstruction of their health and social status

“After you shall arise another kingdom inferior to you, and yet a third kingdom of bronze, which shall rule over all the earth” Dan. 2: 39 The Metal Age opened up new prospects for mankind and led to the emergence of a new category of professionals – miners, founders, smiths. With relation to the Bronze Age, these may be called “copper people.” The article explores new methods that can be used to identify their skeletal remains in museum collections. Based on biological data, certain aspects of the lifestyle of a male (presumably a smith) buried in an Abashevo collective grave at Pepkino, the Republic of Mari-El, Volga Federal District, and of other individuals buried in the same grave are reconstructed. Morphological, paleopathological, radiographic, and computer tomography examination of skeletal remains, as well as the results of histological, atomic absorption, and isotopic analyses of bone tissue provide information concerning diet, physiological stress, beginning of professional specialization, and the effects of heavy physical stress on their health status.     

运用科学技术方法对清代珐琅的研究

作者运用原子发射光谱、扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜和金相显微镜,对故宫博物院藏清代珐琅残片进行了实验分析。研究中.对构成珐琅的硅酸盐材料、铜材料、焊接材料以及镀金层的元素组成进行了测试;对珐琅残片断面的焊接层和镀金层的微观形貌、焊接层的金相组织进行了观察和鉴别。在此基础上,运用结晶学、矿物学、金属学和金相学的基础理论对珐琅原料种类、各种原料的作用、珐琅料的熔制与烧蓝、铜材料与焊接材料的合金属性、焊层的金相组织、掐丝珐琅的烧制工艺等问题加以探讨,试图藉现代科技手段揭示清代珐琅所包含的科学技术内涵。