近代江南都市中的苏北人:地缘矛盾与社会分层

近代江南都市中．地缘关系直接决定了工人的职业分层。由于缺乏充足的、可供利用的各种乡谊资源,苏北人在江南都市中只能处于社会最低的层级。地缘关系造成的社会分层．极大地迟滞了阶级关系的形成。地缘差异在工人中造成的矛盾．有时相当尖锐．下层工人感受最深的不是“帝国主义”和本国资本家阶级的压榨,而是来自发达地区地位较高的社会阶层的歧视和偏见。这种矛盾尽管不同于阶级矛盾和种族矛盾,但在一定条件下,甚至比后两者更明显,影响更深远。     

Explaining the Congo Wars

Abstract

From 1996 to 2003, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was the scene of two major regional wars. The second Congo war (1998–2003) was an especially complex formation of wars within wars, characterised by repeatedly changing alliances between various actors, both internal and external, and by the spread of ethnic conflicts across national borders. However, the recent troubled history of the DRC has often been understood from either a national or an international perspective. The terms of this debate centred on whether the continental wars were linked either to the weak or collapsing state of Zaire/Congo or outside interferences by neighbouring states. The two studies reviewed in this essay both suggest ways of addressing this dichotomy between the internal and external dimensions of the conflicts. By analysing the multitude of conflicts from a regional perspective, both authors can aptly illuminate the linkages and interdependencies among local and national conflicts that became inextricably intertwined and developed into regional and continental conflicts. Thus, this review argues that both comprehensive works on the multiplicity of recent crises in the Great Lakes region significantly contribute to an understanding of the causes and evolution of the Congolese wars.     

Resolving Water Conflicts: A Comparative Analysis of Interstate River Compacts

This paper examines compacts used by U.S. western states to engage in shared governance of interstate rivers. Compacts are viewed as inflexible, rigid governance structures incapable of responding to changing environmental and institutional settings because of the use of unanimity rules and the inability to directly regulate water users. Using data from a study of 14 western interstate river compacts we examine this claim. In particular, we explore the response of compacts to water conflicts. We find that members of compacts, closely related water agencies, and compact governments are capable of responding to conflicts. To better understand this finding, we identify the conditions under which compacts are likely to address conflicts, as well as the types of conflict solutions compact governments adopted.     

利益格局变迁与非直接利益冲突

利益冲突是引起现代社会冲突的两种基本因素之一,阶级意识（阶级认同）是阶级社会中从阶级矛盾到阶级冲突行为发生的关键环节。在现代社会,社会公平感是现代社会冲突行为发生的主要中介变量。当今中国群体性事件增多,折射出非直接利益冲突的特点,反映出利益相对剥夺感群体由对物质利益分配的不满转向对社会公平公正价值理念的怀疑,这将会直接削弱统治的“合法性”基础。     

Area of Conflict: Archaeology and its Implications in the Holy Land

The purpose of this article is to present the archaeological evidence concerning the warfare in ancient Israel and to discuss problems which result from present politics and conflicts. After a short overview regarding conflicts in ancient times, efforts and difficulties of archaeology are brought up.     

Who Owns the State? Understanding Ethnic Conflict in Post-Colonial Societies

Abstract. This article aims to integrate different explanatory approaches to ethnic conflicts: studies on ethnic clientelism and discrimination, on political mobilisation by minority elites, on unequal relations between ethnoregions, and on the effects that different political systems have on the dynamics of ethnic conflicts. For each of these approaches, the relevant research is reviewed and illustrated by selected examples from post-imperial societies. Propositions that seem empirically plausible are integrated into a comparative model which is in turn based on a specific theory of political modernity. The premise holds that the politicisation of ethnicity is to be interpreted as a central aspect of modem state-building. For only when ‘people’ and state are mutually related within the ideal of a legitimate order does the question arise for which ethnic group the state has to act, who is regarded as its legitimate owner, and who is entitled to have access to its services. Ethnic conflicts can thus be interpreted as struggles for the collective goods of the nation-state. Within this paradigmatical frame, a step-by-step analysis at a medium level of abstraction tries to show under which conditions state-building leads to an ethnicisation of political conflicts and in some cases to an escalation into rebellions and wars.     

奥林匹克文化的和谐理念探析

2008年北京的人文奥运不仅批判地继承了奥林匹克文化的超越精神,而且阐明了人本主义的价值取向。从和谐的角度来阐释奥林匹克精神,有利于处理现代社会所面临的人文危机以及奥林匹克自身的矛盾冲突。奥林匹克精神强调求同存异,从这个意义上说,它寻求的是人类的整体利益,对于消除国家和民族间的矛盾冲突,增进彼此理解,起到了极大的推动作用。     

中国自然保护地立法模式探析

建立自然保护地是有效保护和合理利用自然资源的重要举措。法制建设是自然保护地建设和管理的重要基础与有力保障。自然保护地建设过程中发生的种种矛盾,归根到底是利益相关者之间的利益冲突,为此政府必须提供平衡各方利益的制度保障。中国现有的类型化部门立法与其他法律规范相结合的自然保护地立法模式存在立法层级低、法制协调性不足、立法体系封闭、保护对象不明确等缺陷。考虑到自然的整体性和调整利益冲突的有效性,我们应该选择综合性框架立法作为中国自然保护地立法的理想模式。     

试论灾害旅游的伦理均衡

灾害旅游作为汶川灾后重建的一种发展思路而受到关注,而这必然会涉及伦理问题。本文基于伦理学视角,用系统的方法分析了作为灾害旅游中矛盾双方的旅游者和旅游地在各方面表现出的冲突及伦理问题,即各自在道德和利益两方面的矛盾。通过伦理视角来审视灾害旅游的发展,具有一定创新性。本文认为,在灾害旅游的开发过程中,需要兼顾旅游者与旅游地,道德和利益之间的均衡关系;需要通过加强制度建设,用外在的力量来约束各利益主体的行为,并通过教育,以加强自律的方式引导各个利益主体的行为。     

Le Conte de deux cités1 : Analyse comparative des conflits urbains de Montréal et Valence, 1995–2010

A tale of two cities: 9 Comparative analysis of urban conflicts of Montreal and Valencia, 1995–2010 Metropolization processes at work in contemporary societies produce social and spatial change, which can raise strong opposition from a variety of urban actors, leading to acts of dissent. While such urban conflict has been examined in the past, geographical analysis of urban conflicts as sociospatial processes is more recent. Systematic quantitative research on urban conflict is virtually nonexistent in terms of comparative analysis conducted with an international perspective. Systematic comparative analysis sheds light on the existing relationship between urban conflicts and the socio‐territorial contexts in which conflicts emerge and evolve. This article presents a comparative analysis of urban conflict that occurred in a selection of boroughs in two cities characterized by different geographical realities, Valencia (Spain) and Montreal (Canada), between 1995 and 2010. Spatial autocorrelation techniques applied to a conflict database show a significant relationship between the emergence of urban conflict and the spatial distribution of some contextual variables. Indeed, for Montreal as for Valencia, the concentration of urban conflict is the greatest in the most deprived neighbourhoods. Also, regarding the management and regulation of urban conflict, results shed light on important differences between Montreal and Valencia. These differences include the outcome of urban conflicts, repertoire of action of actors involved in conflict activity, and the type of contestation faced by actors who promote the challenged urban projects.     

Crucesignatus: its origins and early usage

At the beginning of the crusade movement, two groups of official terms appeared that designated and defined crusaders. One group of terms reflected the pilgrimage while the other reflected the symbolism of the cross. The terminology that employed the symbolism of the cross increased in frequency of use and culminated in the clearest of medieval terms for crusaders, crucesignatus. The way in which various popes applied, and refrained from applying, clear crusade terms to actual military conflicts suggests a way to sort out which conflicts they meant to be genuine crusades. This sorting out also tells us something about the changes in papal conceptions of the crusade.     

城市空间重构进程中的土地利用冲突研究——以广州市为例

目前,城市空间重构所孳生的土地利用冲突现象已成为当前我国快速城市化进程中迫切需要解决的重要问题之一,获得了学术界、地方政府和社会大众的高度重视,而对土地利用冲突的类型和影响因素的探讨构成了后续治理途径研究的根本前提。本文基于城市政治经济学理论中社会空间辩证统一的视角,以广州市为例,选取了我国快速城市化进程中广泛存在的旧城更新、工业用地置换和城中村改造等城市空间重构的重点领域为研究对象,总结了土地利用冲突的类型及其影响因素,证实了空间调整与社会变迁之间的辩证统一关系。     

Contesting uneven development: The political geography of natural gas rents in Peru and Bolivia

Political and academic debates about the distribution of resource rents to producing areas have addressed the issue of whether or not the transfers unleash conflicts. While this kind of debate is valid, the present paper argues that such a discussion is missing the point regarding the processes behind said types of conflicts, as well as how such conflicts are framed at the sub-national political geography of the state. By more deeply exploring these dimensions, the argument of this paper is that the production of uneven development within sub-national areas is crucial for understanding the above-mentioned conflicts and how the central state internalises those conflicts, producing new political geographies of rent distribution. As such, different territorial discourses of autonomy emerge along with uneven development, but their capacity to reach institutional autonomy is grounded on the spatial politics of each state. Empirically, this paper analyses how natural gas rents are distributed to sub-national producing areas in Peru and Bolivia, and how the production of uneven development through natural gas rents at sub-national level re-activated previous territorial demands for autonomy, which were internalised by central states in different ways.     

Crucesignatus: its origins and early usage

At the beginning of the crusade movement, two groups of official terms appeared that designated and defined crusaders. One group of terms reflected the pilgrimage while the other reflected the symbolism of the cross. The terminology that employed the symbolism of the cross increased in frequency of use and culminated in the clearest of medieval terms for crusaders, crucesignatus. The way in which various popes applied, and refrained from applying, clear crusade terms to actual military conflicts suggests a way to sort out which conflicts they meant to be genuine crusades. This sorting out also tells us something about the changes in papal conceptions of the crusade.     

Mining (Dis)amenity: The Political Ecology of Mining Opposition in the Kaz (Ida) Mountain Region of Western Turkey

Opposition to mining activities is an increasingly global phenomenon. A key feature of political ecology literature examining this opposition is its focus on the power of multinational corporations to gain access to resources on lands principally claimed by indigenous peoples and peasants in ‘Third World’ countries. These struggles often play out within the context of tensions between neoliberal natural resource policies and interventions by non‐governmental and civil society actors. Meanwhile, political ecology scholars of natural resource conflicts in ‘First World’ countries are documenting conflicts over environmental management that emerge from complex commodification processes and competing forms of capital investment, such as those associated with amenity migration, that privilege different characteristics of landscapes. These perspectives are rarely combined into a single framework, despite the recognition that common dimensions may intermingle in regional contexts around the world. Using the case of conflict over gold mining in the Kaz (Ida) Mountains of western Turkey, this article explores the intersection of state neoliberalism with competing forms of rural capital, which produce a regional mining conflict. Our case highlights the value of ‘locating the First and Third Worlds within’ when it comes to studies of social processes that shape environmental conflicts.     

职工精简与20世纪60年代前期的上海城乡冲突及其协调

1953年以后,随着社会主义计划经济的建立,当代中国二元城乡关系结构亦逐渐成形。但是,因大跃进运动的失败及随之而来的三年自然灾害,大量上海城市人口被精简回乡则使这一逐渐固化的城乡关系结构再一次发生强烈震荡,对上海城市和郊区农村都产生了巨大的冲击,从而引发一系列矛盾与冲突。通过对这些矛盾和冲突的协调与解决,上海城乡关系的刚性结构在一定程度上得到软化,城市和乡村都因而受益,城乡间的协调发展也在一定程度上得到实现。     

Grassroots Ecologies of Value: Environmental Conflict and Social Reproduction in Southern Italy

In this article I examine socio-environmental conflicts through the category of value. Drawing from a single case study, an industrial city in southern Italy, I address the revaluation projects underpinning the conflict around socio-ecological arrangements that are considered unfair, unsustainable and detrimental to life. Focusing on the trajectory of local environmentalism and the specific case of a women group, the article shows how the intensification of the socio-ecological crisis prompted the shift of environmental conflicts from the sphere of production to the broader relations of social reproduction. I propose to analyse this shift through the concept of grassroots ecologies of value, which outlines a framework for thinking about how people deal with the socio-environmental contradictions in which they live, and their struggles for dignity and worth.     

旱区生态移民空间冲突的生态风险研究——以宁夏红寺堡区为例

生态移民过程是各种空间要素在迁入区地域范围内重新组合与再结构化过程。理论上,这种区域空间重构过程客观存在空间冲突及生态风险。旱区生态系统十分脆弱,系统开展该类型区生态移民空间冲突的生态风险问题的研究,有利于为空间冲突生态风险突发危机状态下区域可持续发展提供调控科学方案。本文以宁夏红寺堡生态扶贫移民安置区为例,采用该区域1995、2000、2005、2010和2015年五期遥感影像,通过构建空间冲突模型,测算空间冲突水平,探测了空间冲突的生态风险及其主导因素与机制。结果表明：总体上,在1995-2015年生态移民大规模集中安置过程中,红寺堡区生态移民空间冲突指数均值呈前高后低的特点,分别为0.617、0.625、0.454、0.476和0.459,属可控范围,生态风险程度较低,其中稳定可控区的面积比例增加2.1倍。但不同土地利用类型的空间冲突水平差异较大,其中的水域、林地、耕地、草地的空间冲突程度较低,而未利用地、沙地和建设用地的空间冲突程度相对较高。地理探测显示,该地区的景观脆弱度指数、面积加权平均斑块分维数指数、斑块凝聚度指数、聚合度指数和斑块密度指数是影响区域空间冲突的主要因素。     

Geographies of Indigenous Identity: Spatial Imaginaries and Racialised Power Struggles in Bolivia

This article examines racial power struggles in Bolivia through a spatial lens. It analyses the process of resistance to the oligarchic elites mounted by indigenous‐popular sectors in Bolivia in the first decade of the 21^st century as well as the subsequent eruption of conflicts between different indigenous sectors, and argues that political conflicts in Bolivia in the 21^st century are, among other things, also conflicts over spatial imaginaries and the different territorialising and (re)territorialising projects corresponding to them. Social movements against racial neoliberalism challenged the colonial spatial imaginary. The partial success of those struggles brought into relief two distinct indigenous spatial imaginaries, one rooted in the defence of ancestral territory and indigenous autonomy, and the other based on a redefinition of territoriality as centrality within the state and society at large. The article reads contemporary inter‐indigenous conflicts as manifestations of the differences between these two spatial imaginaries.