Population Suburbanization in American Metropolitan Areas, 1940–1970

Using census tract data, this paper shows that massive changes have occurred in density patterns of American metropolitan areas since 1950. Suburbanization of population has involved both large-scale decongestion of central parts of metropolitan areas and also large-scale outward deconcentration. Many metropolitan areas no longer have clearly distinguishable density patterns in their central and peripheral parts. At the present time, patterns of population distribution across metropolitan areas are becoming increasingly similar. Furthermore, current suburbanization patterns by census tract do not relate strongly to suburbanization patterns as measured by growth rates of crude central city and suburban rings in metropolitan areas. Finally, the paper shows that “density craters” in the center of many metropolitan areas may become more pronounced, although they may not extend outward.     

Spatial Reflections of Population Movements in Gokceada and Sustainable Tourism

Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey Gokceada has experienced many population movements due to various internal and external factors. While some of the citizens of the Island who were the inhabitants of the traditional settlements left, they were replaced by new dwellers. This transformation in the population undoubtedly has paved the way for certain changes in the cultural and spatial structure. Besides all these changes, the demand for tourism in the Island has increased recently. Yet, there is a general expectation that the unique natural beauty and historical heritage of the Island should be preserved, and for this reason the quality of tourism has an immense significance in terms of preserving its natural areas, and its history as a social memory. In this study, population movements have occurred since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey is evaluated with respect to the preservation of the cultural heritage and sustainability of tourism. For this purpose, a literature search, an analysis of the population data and the assessment of field surveys have been carried out.     

中国城市群空间结构演化的影响因素分析——基于铁路客运的功能联系视角

以中国13个城市群为研究对象,采用铁路客运班次构造多中心指数来表征基于功能联系的城市群空间结构,在分析城市群空间结构演变基础上重点分析其影响因素。研究发现,基于功能联系视角的城市群空间结构总体呈单中心化趋势,但地区差异化明显,珠三角、山东半岛和闽东南城市群已表现出多中心化特征;城市群空间结构的多中心程度随经济发展水平的提高表现为先单中心后多中心的演变过程;城市群规模的增大和城市间联系加强促进了城市群向多中心方向演化;而面积小、三产比重高的城市群更有利于形成单中心的结构;政府干预作用对城市群空间结构影响并不显著。鉴于不同城市群空间结构演化趋势不同,未来政策取向应该遵从各个城市群自身规律。     

Radiocarbon evidence indicates that migrants introduced farming to Britain

Archaeologists disagree about how farming began in Britain. Some argue it was a result of indigenous groups adopting domesticates and cultigens via trade and exchange. Others contend it was the consequence of a migration of farmers from mainland Europe. To shed light on this debate, we used radiocarbon dates to estimate changes in population density between 8000 and 4000 cal BP. We found evidence for a marked and rapid increase in population density coincident with the appearance of cultigens around 6000 cal BP. We also found evidence that this increase occurred first in southern England and shortly afterwards in central Scotland. These findings are best explained by groups of farmers from the Continent independently colonizing England and Scotland, and therefore strongly support the migrant farmers hypothesis.     

Density and dispersion: the co-development of land use and rail in London

This article examines the changes that occurred in the railnetwork and density of population in London during the 19thand 20th centuries. It aims to disentangle the ‘chickenand egg’ problem of which came first, network or landdevelopment, through a set of statistical analyses clearly distinguishingevents by order. Using panel data representing the 33 boroughsof London over each decade from 1871 to 2001, the research findsthat there is a positive feedback effect between populationdensity and network density. Additional rail stations (eitherUnderground or surface) are positive factors leading to subsequentincreases in population in the suburbs of London, while additionalpopulation density is a factor in subsequently deploying morerail. These effects differ in central London, where the additionalaccessibility produced by rail led to commercial developmentand concomitant depopulation. There are also differences inthe effects associated with surface rail stations and Undergroundstations, as the Underground was able to get into central Londonin a way that surface rail could not. However, the two networkswere weak (and statistically insignificant) substitutes foreach other in the suburbs, while the density of surface railstations was a complement to the Underground in the center,though not vice versa.     

人口因素在沙漠化历史过程中作用的考察--以甘肃省民勤县为例

本文采用个案研究“解剖麻雀”的办法,以历史上沙漠化过程发生的典型地区甘肃省民勘县为例．就其清代以来的人口变动状况及其与土地沙漠化的关系,作了系统的剖析,从中可以得出若干具有规律性的科学认识。     

Oleneostrovski mogilnik: Reconstructing the social and economic organization of prehistoric foragers in Northern Russia

Oleneostrovski mogilnik (Red Deer Island cemetery) in Karelia, USSR, is the largest known Mesolithic-age cemetery in the Boreal zone, containing the remains of at least 170 individual interments. An analysis of mortuary patterning, demographic structure, and regional interaction was performed in order to elucidate the nature of Boreal zone forager society during the late Mesolithic. These analyses suggest that the society which produced Oleneostrovski mogilnik was larger and more internally differentiated than previously believed, with a complex system of social differentiation that included hereditary social positions and economic ranking. It also participated in an extensive regional exchange network which moved exotic goods and raw materials over considerable distances. It is concluded that the climax of forager occupation in the Boreal zone occurred during late Mesolithic times, with a maximum density of population and maximum social complexity, and that more recent hunter-fisher-gatherer occupations represent only a pale reflection of this peak.     

民国时期华北农民的离村与社会变动

农民纷纷离开久居的村庄外出谋生,是民国时期华北农村一个突出的社会现象。其时的农民离村,虽大多为连年的灾荒和不堪重负的捐税等因素所致,但农民离村过程中所发生的人口由农业向城市工商业的转移、高密度区域向低密度区域的自然调配,以及通过迁徙所带来的人的思想观念上的变化等,无疑有利于中国社会由传统向现代的变革。诚然,由于民国时期华北农民的离村多为生计所迫,迁徙的无序性,加之政府缺乏有效的管理,大量的农民离村也给社会的稳定带来了负面影响。     

近代南京城市社会空间结构变迁——基于1929、1947年南京城市人口数据的分析

本文以1929年、1947年两时间断面南京城市人口数据为基础,利用城市生态因子分析手段,采用聚类分析方法,分别将1929年、1947年南京城市社会区划分为三个和四个类型区。研究发现不同时段南京城市社会空间结构的主因子、类型以及空间分布等方面均存在较大差异,这是近代中国社会的激烈变革在城市空间上的反映;南京城市社会空间变化过程显示出极大的“矛盾性”,一方面中国传统城市“士农工商”各社会阶层混居和单一的城市功能模式被打破,工业区与居住区分离;但城市居住、商业活动仍保持十分密切的联系;《首都计划》是近代南京城市社会空间结构变迁的主要“驱动力”。     

A note on sufficient conditions for negative exponential population densities

The author presents some comments on the Mills-Muth model of urban spatial structure, which predicts that population density declines as distance to the urban center increases.     

Shell Morphologies of Bay Scallops,Argopecten irradians,from Extant and Prehistoric Populations from the Florida Gulf Coast: Implications for the Biology of Past and Present Metapopulations

Genetically conservative changes in a bivalve population may be mirrored by morphological changes in the shells of individuals in that population. The rate of such evolutionary change is usually so slow that the changes in shell morphology cannot be detected in short-term studies of local populations. When selective pressure becomes severe, however, the magnitude of the genetic changes may be intensified, and thus the magnitude of the morphological changes in the shells may be greater—and more detectable. We compared the morphometric features of specimens from archaeological sites with those from geographically coherent modern collections to determine if such detectable morphological changes have taken place in the populations studied. Analyses of bay scallop shells (Argopecten irradians) from nine modern populations spanning Florida's entire Gulf coast and from four archaeological sites located from central to southern Florida reveal that major morphological shifts in the shells of two local populations have occurred sometime in the past 500 to 1500 years. These shifts may have implications regarding the persistence of the scallop metapopulations and the efficacy of future efforts to conserve the species.     

Air Services in Australia: Growth and Corporate Change, 1921–1996

The growth of Australian internal passenger airlines in the seventy-five years between 1921 and 1996 has been spectacular with 381 airlines having been part of this evolution. The end of 1996 saw 44 passenger airlines operating, but the nine that made up the two principal airline families performed 98 per cent of total passenger-kilometres. This paper considers the factors which have moulded the industry and the changes which have occurred in its corporate structure, especially those that led to the formation of the present duopoly. The growth of the industry has not resulted in marked spatial changes apart from a 48 per cent decline in the number of airports served since 1963–64. The proportion of total traffic passing through the busier airports has increased over the last thirty years.     

Morphological taphonomic transformations of fossil bones in continental environments,and repercussions on their chemical composition

The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of structural or surface modifications of vertebrate bone remains in continental palaeoenvironments that may have repercussions on their chemical composition. Both before and after burial, a different set of physical, chemical and biological agencies may produce modifications of the bone morphological structure and/or bone chemical composition. Several of these morphological modifications are diagnostic of particular agents, which otherwise may not be noticed or identified in a fossil association. In order to understand diagenesis, those events that occurred before final burial have to be considered, as they may strongly modify the bone morphological structure and influence post–burial changes.     

FROM GERMANY'S EAST PRUSSIA TO THE SOVIET UNION'S KALININGRAD OBLAST: A CASE OF SEQUENT OCCUPANCE

East Prussia, historically a German region, was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, with the northern, Soviet portion becoming Kaliningrad Oblast of the RSFSR. The author, who has long studied the transformation of the region as part of the Soviet Union, assesses the changes in administration, population and economy that have occurred.     

空间联系视角的沈阳市多中心城市结构研究

以沈阳市为研究案例,借鉴国际著名团队POLYNET的研究经验并加以改良,进行了空间联系视角的多中心城市结构的实证分析。分别从人口密度分布、就业-居住空间联系网络与企业空间组织网络三个维度来识别沈阳市的人口中心、就业中心与产业中心,综合分析这些"中心"得出四点结论:①城市核心区就业与居住中心构成十字交叉的内循环结构;②浑南新区次中心特征颇具雏形;③外围人口中心、就业中心与产业中心错位发展;④沈阳市呈现不均衡的多中心结构特征。     

The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages

Between the 13th and 11th centuries BCE, most Greek Bronze Age Palatial centers were destroyed and/or abandoned. The following centuries were typified by low population levels. Data from oxygen-isotope speleothems, stable carbon isotopes, alkenone-derived sea surface temperatures, and changes in warm-species dinocysts and formanifera in the Mediterranean indicate that the Early Iron Age was more arid than the preceding Bronze Age. A sharp increase in Northern Hemisphere temperatures preceded the collapse of Palatial centers, a sharp decrease occurred during their abandonment. Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures cooled rapidly during the Late Bronze Age, limiting freshwater flux into the atmosphere and thus reducing precipitation over land. These climatic changes could have affected Palatial centers that were dependent upon high levels of agricultural productivity. Declines in agricultural production would have made higher-density populations in Palatial centers unsustainable. The ‘Greek Dark Ages’ that followed occurred during prolonged arid conditions that lasted until the Roman Warm Period.     

POPULATION DENSITY IN A CENTRAL‐PLACE SYSTEM

The existing empirical literature about polycentric population density has focused on the urban scale, and the alternative models proposed in that context have been justified using heuristic arguments. This paper describes how polycentric density distributions can, in general, be endowed with a theoretical framework which differs from the existing literature with respect to the treatment of centers: instead of assuming that they represent places of work, it assumes they are places that provide goods and services to households. This imposes a hierarchical structure on the model, which allows replacing the set of distances to all centers (typically used in the existing literature as the same explanans irrespectively of location) with a smaller set of distances that corresponds to the number of levels in the hierarchy and varies with location. The central‐place framework used also provides a direct link between a polycentric model and the Clark formula, in the sense that the latter can emerge through a smoothing procedure of the former. Finally, in the context of central places, the scope of related empirical investigations can be extended naturally from the urban to the regional scale. This is the scale of a simple test presented here, which has been specifically included to support the corresponding theoretical arguments about the structure of a polycentric density gradient. The paper concludes with some expected problems and advantages of applying these ideas to the urban scale.     

西安城市化演进过程的多层面分析与趋势预测

西安城市化演进过程与生产力布局阶段性,具有一致性的规律。文章从城市化水平的变化时间序列、城市化水平提高与经济发展的关联性两个角度,定量分析了其演化特征,特别是与经济发展的关系及其规律性,指出西安市城市化的效率在各时期不断提升(结构弹性减小),集约化程度提高,城市化、非农化逐步走向合理。城市化水平整体滞后于经济发展水平,城市化与经济发展过程又可划分为五个阶段,城市化变化与人均增长满足指数规律,城镇密度与关系的模型满足直线关系。最后文章从人口迁移、人口密度变化、城市化圈层分布和卫星城镇的发展及分工等方面对人口城市化趋势进行了探讨。     

乡村绅士化进程中旅游型村落生活空间重塑特征研究——以北京爨底下村为例

作为乡村空间价值重现的重要形式,乡村绅士化在西方国家受到极大关注,而我国则鲜有研究。基于此,本文以乡村绅士化现象为主线,选取爨底下村为案例区,采用参与式评估法和质性访谈法,对人口结构、聚落形态、居住空间以及公共空间等绅士化表征空间进行深入剖析。研究发现,绅士化前后,生活空间发生重大变化,生活群体构成逐渐多样化,住宿价格飞涨,聚落空间的相似性被打破,居住空间逐步开放化,传统公共空间趋于退化或消失,当地村民面临被边缘化的风险,而这些变化是绅士化过程中多方力量相互作用的结果。