Spatial Point Processes Applied to the Distribution of River Junctions

The notion of randomness has been extensively applied to topological (nondimensional) properties of drainage networks. The spatial (dimensional) organization of five fluvial hierarchies is examined herein through the application of quadrat analysis to random and clustered spatial probability models. The Poisson, Polya-Aeppli, and negative binomial models are compared with point-pattern distributions of river junction location for three basins in Indiana and two fossil systems on an erosion surface in semiarid Australia. The negative binomial model best fits all five networks, suggesting that the branching behavior of fluvial systems follows the mathematical precepts leading to clusteredness of junctions. The degree to which the Polya-Aeppli model fits the data suggests the imposition of a temporally limited set of environmental conditions optimally suited for network growth. Only for the two fossil systems does the Poisson model agree. It is speculated that the effect of prolonged subaerial erosion may be to shift a clustered distribution towards the random state as the surface approaches a pediplained state.     

日常消费空间中的情绪产生与作用机制——基于南京的实证研究

本研究引入消费者行为学的"认知-情绪-行为"模型，并加入空间要素建立整体框架，采用结构方程模型与质性研究相结合的方法，探讨消费空间中影响消费者情绪产生的因素以及情绪对居民生活满意度的作用。研究表明，积极情绪的产生主要受到个人价值观的鲜明度、消费场所物质环境的宜人度和消费场所中社会交往的深度影响；消极情绪的产生主要受到个体经济地位和个人价值观的鲜明度影响；积极情绪与消极情绪均显著影响消费者的生活满意度，积极情绪会导致较高生活满意度的产生。本研究从情绪的角度阐释消费空间和人的关系，是从微观尺度上对情绪地理学研究的新探索，同时也为城市消费空间研究与规划提供了人本主义的新视角。     

Institutional Change in Land Planning: Two Cases from Galicia

Why do societies implement land policies? A number of arguments have been put forward in the literature, ranging from economic conceptions based on market failure and the problem of negative externalities to a more social conception based on welfare distribution and collaborative planning. However, neither all societies with similar market failures or negative externalities develop and implement land planning nor implemented land planning always results from collaborative planning. The arguments found in the literature seem not to fit the reality and, in most cases, cannot explain why societies create or undertake innovations in land planning. Within the framework of institutional change theory and based on the analysis of the emergence of two land planning devices—a land use law and a land banking law—in Galicia, Northwest Spain, this paper argues that land planning is developed to tackle negative outcomes of former institutional setups. However, the negativity of such outcomes is measured not in terms of economic performance, but in terms of social acceptance. The search for a workable definition of property within the Galician society seems to be the main driver of institutional change in land use planning analysed in this paper.     

Contact Number Properties in the Study Of Cellular Networks

The purpose of the paper is to determine if different generating processes produce cellular networks with distinctive contact number properties. Properties resulting from patterns produced by three generating processes, the Poisson, the compound negative binomial, and the “Smalley,” are examined in detail. The implications of the findings for the analysis of empirical cellular networks are discussed.     

Tradeoffs between Local Taxes and Government Spending as Determinants of Business Location*

Abstract. This paper investigates the effects of local fiscal policy on the location decisions of 3,763 establishments that began operations in Maine between 1993 and 1995. Empirical results, estimated from Poisson and negative binomial regression models, indicate that businesses favor municipalities that spend high amounts on public goods and services, even when these expenditures are financed by an increase in local taxes. This suggests that a local fiscal policy of reduced government spending, to balance a tax cut, may attract fewer new businesses than a policy featuring additional spending and higher taxes.     

Towards Reconciliation of the Land Issue in Namibia: Identifying the Possible,Assessing the Probable

This paper argues that the case against a major land reform in Namibia is overstated and inaccurate, and that, in spite of its relatively harsh climate, the country contains sufficient land of good enough quality, and a small enough population, to undertake a major land reform. The paper suggests that the reasons why there is generally a conservative estimate of possible solutions to land hunger are largely related to the prevalence of a conservative colonial intellectual legacy in spite of radical ambitions stated by the SWAPO (South West African People's Organization) government. Furthermore, many commentators and officials in Namibia are following a pattern in Africa of ignoring lessons (positive and negative) from other countries—in this case particularly from aspects of Zimbabwe's land reform. The paper explores the comparison with Zimbabwe in order to emphasize the political lessons available for Namibia's land reform, but it also highlights practical lessons which exist, in spite of the fact that most of Zimbabwe's environment is generally much better suited to agriculture than is Namibia's.     

On the Statistical Significance of the Observed Map in Spatial Diffusion

This paper examines the problem of determining the statistical significance of an observed spatial distribution vis-à-vis a simulated pattern of the “Hägerstrand type.” It is argued that the sampling distribution for a Hägerstrand type simulator is multinomial. The diffusion model considered is logically equivalent to a multinomial experiment with independent assignment of adoptions to areal cells according to a probability distribution that remains fixed for a given time interval. Conventional tests for goodness of multinomial fit are thus appropriate.     

Assessing the Impact of Tourism on the Physical Environment of a Small Coastal Town: Girne,Northern Cyprus

The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of tourism on Girne, with special emphasis on the natural and built environments. With this aim in mind, the study first reviews the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the physical environment of the coastal cities. These impacts are used to develop the methodology for assessing the impacts in the second part. Accordingly, 11 negative impacts/indicators (4 for natural environment and 7 for built environment) and 9 positive impacts/indicators (3 for natural environment and 6 for built environment) have been selected and founded as relevant for assessing tourism impacts of the case study. Then, each selected indicator has been measured by using a series of analyses results. Following these results, some suggestions are made for encouraging the positive impacts and for decreasing the pressure created by tourism on the physical environment of the town. The issues discussed in the paper are relevant to other small historic cities in the Mediterranean Basin. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for proper planning strategies to minimize negative impacts on physical environment and significant difference of impacts between historic district and newly developing areas.     

Own-child estimates of U.S. white fertility, 1886–99

Abstract

The collapse of empires is exceedingly difficult to understand. The author examined the distribution of imperial lifetimes using a data set that spans more than three millennia and found that it conforms to a memoryless exponential distribution in which the rate of collapse of an empire is independent of its age. Comparing this distribution to similar lifetime distributions of other complex systems—specifically, biological species and corporate firms—the author explores the reasons behind their lifetime distributions and how this approach can yield insights into empires.     

Identifying the Impacts of Land-Use Spatial Patterns on Street-Network Accessibility Using Geospatial Methods

While the land use-street network nexus is well acknowledged, evidence for the one-way impacts of land-use patterns on street accessibility is still inadequate. The measurements of land-use patterns and street accessibility lack systematic knowledge. Their empirical correlations also lack geographical variability, constraining site-specific land-use practices. Therefore, this study overcame the aforementioned limitations by examining the two-level spatial models to formulate accessibility-oriented land plans, using a well-developed Chinese city as an example. Firstly, two landscape metrics—Euclidean Nearest-Neighbor Distance (ENN) and Similarity Index (SIMI)—were used to quantify the intra- and inter-land-use configurations, respectively. Both city-level and local accessibility were measured using spatial design network analysis. Performing both ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models, results identified the statistically significant effects of inter-land-use patterns on two-level street accessibility. An exception was that land-use configurations within residential and industrial regions were irrelevant to street accessibility. We also found GWR was a better-fitting model than OLS when estimating locally-varied accessibility, suggesting hierarchical multiscale land-use planning. Overall, locally heterogeneous evidence in this study can substantialize land use-street network interactions and support the decision-making and implementation of place-specific accessibility-oriented land use.     

浅谈李盛铎在收藏古籍中的功过是非

本文通过对李盛铎藏书来源的揭示,评价其在古籍西归中的地位与功过。     

居民对大型活动支持度的影响因素分析——以2008年北京奥运会为例

居民对大型活动支持度研究近年来已经引起国外学者的重视,很多学者认为,居民对大型活动的支持度研究与居民对大型活动影响感知研究同样重要。但国内还没有专门研究居民对大型活动支持度的文献。本文以2008年奥运会为例,分析居民对大型活动支持度的影响因素,并认为居民对社区依附度、积极形象影响、准备度、参与程度、积极经济影响、积极文化影响的感知与居民支持度显著正相关,而居民对奥运会负面影响感知与支持度呈负相关关系,但不显著。     

Modeling Micro-Spatial Employment Location Patterns: A Comparison of Count and Choice Approaches

This article studies employment location patterns in the Puget Sound Region of Washington State at a micro level of geography. Traditional discrete choice modeling using multinomial logit (MNL) models may be problematic at a micro level of geography due to the high dimensionality of the set of alternative locations and the likely violations of the independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA) assumption. Count models are free from the IIA assumption and, unlike logit models, actually benefit from large numbers of alternatives by adding degrees of freedom. This study identifies the best-fitting count model as the zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model, because this model more effectively addresses the large number of cells with no jobs and reflects a dual process that facilitates the identification of threshold clustering effects such as those found in specialized employment centers. The estimation and prediction results of ZINB are compared with those of MNL with a random sampling of alternatives estimated on an equivalent data set. The ZINB and MNL models largely agree on major trends, with the ZINB model providing more insightful details, but with less capacity to predict large count situations.     

基于负责任旅游的政府管理行为

研究旅游,不仅要分析它的发展,还要考虑其所产生的影响。在个人、企业和国家层面都可能存在负责任或不负责任的行为所导致的正面或负面影响。负责任旅游的核心是要采取一种能使旅游的正面影响最大化、负面影响最小化的旅游发展方式,它主张旅游行为主体通过自律性的负责任行为约束途径,而不是期望他人的道德行为实现旅游可持续发展的目标。本文探讨了政府在负责任旅游管理中的行为,包括制定负责任旅游伦理规范、政策以及负责任旅游认证制度建设等,并对认证制度建设中如何构建负责任旅游认证的指标体系提出相应的构想。     

长株潭城市群都市区各类城市建设用地的时空变化研究

以长株潭城市群的都市区为研究对象,通过收集1990-2019年中7个年份的8类城市建设用地的空间分布数据,建立空间数据库,并依托各类城市建设用地的增量、对城市群及其片区的贡献率、在城市群中的扩张程度分布的测算,归纳各类城市建设用地时空变化的特征与规律.结果表明:1990-2019年,长株潭城市群都市区的城市建设用地扩张...     

The Expansion of Industrial Tree Plantations and Dispossession in Brazil

The recent expansion of tree plantations is the most important agrarian change in many parts of Brazil. This article uses the results of extensive field research to analyse the different ways paper and pulp companies assure their land base for eucalyptus plantations. The mechanisms of land access have changed little over the decades, amounting to a process of primitive accumulation which seems to be controlled by the ways the pulp industry influences land markets and prices, the strength of any resistance, and particularly the government support enjoyed by industry. Many paper and steel companies, either directly or indirectly, are increasingly relying on eucalyptus plantations, with negative impacts in many places. The expansion of tree monocultures with rural exclusion is characteristic of the wider phenomenon of land grab which is driven by the dominating financial logic of current capitalism.     

百年来国际组织机构地理位置的时空演化:集聚模式与影响因素

国际组织机构在构建国家软实力、拓展国家利益、塑造全球治理机制具有不可替代的战略意义。论文基于国际协会联盟数据,运用矢量数据符号法和负二项回归模型对1918年至2017年成立的26457个国际组织机构地理位置的时空演化规律进行深入研究,主要结论如下：①百年来国际组织机构累计数量呈几何数量级增长了1200倍,整体呈缓慢上升又陡然下降的演化趋势;②国际组织机构的空间分布极不均衡,具有等级扩散的演化规律,优先选择区域中心国家的中心城市;③国际组织机构具有永久中立国、强国和区域中心国三种集聚模式;④回归显示国家的经济、文化和科技影响力及历史性组织文化遗产在0.01水平上与国际组织机构地理布局呈显著的正相关关系。     

风险视角下的城市聚落形成模拟

幂次法则是普遍存在于自然科学和社会科学界的现象,而城市位序-规模法则是幂次法则在城市科学中的体现之一,然而特定城市规模分布一直缺乏完整的解释。本文尝试结合城市增长过程中土地开发行为的报酬递增规则与土地开发主体的风险认知行为,以城市增长的微观过程为切入视角模拟宏观城市聚落演化过程,进而探讨风险态度对城市聚落形态,尤其是对其规模分布的影响。研究结果表明：①即使城市聚落演化过程中存在多种风险态度,幂次法则在城市聚落的规模分布中仍保持着稳健性; ②现实世界中城市聚落规模分布的变异和稳定可能来自城市主体风险态度的多样性。     

中国城镇土地非均衡扩张路径与治理策略研究

用经济学中的资源配置理论解释城镇土地非均衡扩张,根据城镇土地扩张的机理不同,把城镇土地分为工业用地、居住用地、基础设施用地,并分别考察了其非均衡扩张路径,在此基础上,从"制度环境-政绩目标-政策工具"三方面提出了非均衡扩张的治理策略。结果认为:招商引资过程中竞相以低地价供地导致了工业用地非均衡扩张;对土地财政的过分追逐导致了居住用地非均衡扩张;地方政府为攫取政治晋升资本,大兴城市基础设施建设导致了基础设施用地非均衡扩张;为系统控制城镇土地非均衡扩张,应在"制度环境-政绩目标-政策工具"三个层次上制定相关治理策略。     

重大事件对城市空间结构的影响:研究进展与管理对策

在全球化竞争日益激烈的背景下,举办重大事件已成为许多城市进行重新定位或推动城市跨越式发展的一种途径。重大事件为综合运用结构主义、制度主义等多种方法研究城市空间结构的演化与重构提供了一个难得的契机,但国内外学术界关于重大事件对举办城市空间结构影响的专门研究还比较缺乏,特别是对于事件背景下城市空间要素怎样发生演变以及城市如何借助事件契机对空间结构进行优化的研究还很薄弱。本文通过梳理国内外有关重大事件对举办城市空间结构影响的文献,初步厘清了重大事件对举办城市空间结构的影响因素及作用方式,进而为事件举办城市提出了指导性的战略管理框架,并指出了现有研究存在的不足与未来发展方向。