Akko 1 shipwreck: the effect of cannon fire on the wooden hull

The Akko 1 shipwreck was discovered inside the harbour of the old walled city of Akko (Acre, St. Jean d'Acre, Akka), Israel. The ship's hull was built mainly of oak, with closely-set framing timbers that created a solid side. The shipwreck was apparently a result of the naval bombardment of the town in 1840.     

A note on the care and handling of triremes

The authors of'Effects of shipworm on the performance of ancient Mediterranean warships'(Steinmayer & Turfa, 1996) theorise that extensive shipworm damage to warships of the ancient Mediterranean was unavoidable and would have affected naval operations and the outcome of naval battles. However, there is a significant amount of literary evidence for the care and handling of warships and for the battles in which they engaged that they have not taken into account. The purpose of this note is to bring the missing evidence into the discussion and to suggest that ancient seafarers were better able to protect their ships than Steinmayer and Turfa have allowed.     

A note on the use of temporal frequency distributions in studies of prehistoric demography

Temporal frequency distributions of archaeological sites and radiocarbon dates are commonly used as proxies for prehistoric population levels based on the assumption that more people create a stronger archaeological signal. While this assumption is certainly correct, we question whether relative frequencies of sites or dates observed from prehistoric contexts are necessarily linked to human demography. In this paper, we demonstrate that the typical positive curvilinear frequency distributions observed in archaeological contexts also regularly occur in paleontological and geological contexts and are thus likely caused by the operation of time-dependent destructive processes, what we call “taphonomic bias.” Using a simple model, which assumes a constant rate of site loss over time, we show how taphonomic bias can produce positive curvilinear frequency distributions through time even in cases of population stasis, decline, and fluctuation. We conclude that caution must be used when attempting to infer demographic trends from frequency distributions alone.     

A nineteenth-century case of carcinoma of the prostate,with a note on the early history of the disease

A case of prostatic carcinoma is described in the skeleton of a named individual who died in 1834. The tumour was recognized from widespread periosteal new bone throughout the skeleton and by the presence of sclerosing metastases in many bones, including the pelvis and all the vertebrae. A number of features of the disease present here are said to be uncommon in modern patients, including spiculated periosteal new bone and some degree of spinal stenosis. In two previous cases of prostatic carcinoma described in the literature, periosteal new bone was a prominent feature and was probably responsible for the disease being recognized. It is likely that if skeletons from mature males were routinely X-rayed, considerably more cases would be noted and a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of this disease in the past would thus be ascertained. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A note on the geomorphological environment of Çatal Hüyük, Turkey

It had previously been proposed (Cohen, 1970) that after large-scale Early Holocene alluviation, no post-occupational sediment accumulated around the neolithic site of Çatal Huyuk in south-central Anatolia. Data presented here, however, indicate that several metres of archaeological deposit at both east and west mounds are overlain by alluvium. This implies that the modern distribution of soil and water resources cannot be used directly to assess past agricultural potential in the vicinity of the site.     

千手观音造像石质本体修复研究

石质本体修复是大足石刻千手观音造像抢救性保护工程的重要环节,本文针对千手观音造像保存现状,从石质本体基本特性和环境因素等方面分析劣化机理,依据工程地质勘察等研究成果,在实验室试验、现场试验的基础上,选择典型病害区域开展石质本体局部修复试验及技术路线研究,确定了醋酸纤维素材料ZB-WB-S为石质本体修复材料,探索出了合适的修复工艺.在总体保护修复方案获得审批后,分区域开展石质本体加固、补形等修复工作,并在修复工作开展中不断改进和完善施工工艺,通过对修复效果检测及跟踪监测,基本达到了预期修复效果与目标,恢复了千手观音造像的稳定性和完整性,最大限度保留了千手观音雕刻形态的历史信息,为下一步造像表面髹漆贴金和彩绘修复提供了良好的操作条件.     

极化理论视角下我国旅游发展差异实证研究

本文运用主成分分析法计算出我国省际旅游发展综合指数,通过Esteban-Ray极化指数原理设计出我国旅游发展极化指数,在此基础上分析了我国旅游发展极化现象。实证研究发现,我国旅游发展极化效应开始显现,旅游发展有向均衡方向演变的趋势,旅游发展极化与经济发展极化呈现出较强的正相关关系;比较我国三大区域旅游发展极化趋势,结果显示,东部地区旅游发展极化程度显著大于中西部地区。     

会展经济效应的作用机制研究：一个以创业活动为传导路径的观点

本文依托会展研究、资源基础论和创业研究等理论研究成果,通过文献分析和理论推导,揭示会展经济效应的作用机制,提出了基于创业活动的会展产业经济效应作用过程概念模型。研究发现,会展产业的资源集聚和流动特性满足了创业活动的资源需求,使得新创企业克服新进入缺陷而提高存活率和绩效水平,即会展产业通过影响创业活动进而产生巨大经济效应。在这条具体的传导路径中,资源成为重要传导手段。     

一般均衡视角的旅游产业福利效应研究——基于中国四个世界双遗产旅游地的面板数据分析

本文利用一般均衡理论,以图解分析法分析旅游产业快速发展对旅游目的地所产生的福利效应。研究显示,旅游产业快速发展对旅游目的地GDP增长率有显著的积极影响,推动了社会福利水平的提升,但对旅游目的地CPI、居民实际收入、工农业等相关产业发展、收入分配、社会治安、生态环境等有显著的消极影响,又在一定程度上降低了当地居民的社会福利,其最终影响取决于积极影响与消积影响的＂双向均衡＂。同时,以中国四个世界自然与文化双遗产旅游区为实证研究对象验证了这种＂双向均衡＂社会福利效应的存在性。研究为我国不同旅游目的地旅游产业的产业定位与可持续发展的政策制定提供了一定的借鉴。     

A short note on starch and xylem of Colocasia esculenta (taro) in archaeological deposits from Pitcairn Island,southeast Polynesia

We present results of starch analysis of archaeological deposits from Pitcairn Island. High concentrations of starch grains preserved in cell membranes, and xylem tracheary elements, consistent with introduced Colocasia esculenta (taro) were found. Because of limited age control, we are uncertain if the microfossils are prehistoric. Problems associated with identifying taxa with small starch grains in extractions from weathered deposits are highlighted.     

电视广告视听觉通道记忆效果及影响因素研究

本文旨在研究电视广告受众视听觉通道记忆效果及影响记忆效果的因素,利用三个阶段电视广告组合视频,运用计算机等多媒体进行实验。结果表明：1.对于电视广告,受众视听觉通道的记忆效果无显著性差异;2.视觉方面影响因素从大至小依次为创意和人物、故事情节、颜色和环境氛围、画面切换、文字;3.听觉方面影响因素从大至小依次为广告词、男女声、情感流露、创意、音乐旋律、音乐节拍。     

旅游者"符号性消费"行为之思考--由"雅虎中国"的一项调查说起

改革开放以来,我国某些社会阶层的消费行为呈现出符号化、时尚性、讲究身份象征等倾向,即所谓“符号性消费”。本文从“雅虎中国”网的一项调查入手,通过云南元阳梯田案例,证明这一现象在旅游消费行为中也客观存在。某些旅游者认为,旅游是一种时尚追求,选择到哪里旅游、怎样旅游,都能体现出人们对自己社会角色扮演的定位和评价,以及对自己地位区隔的认可和接受。这种“符号性消费”行为对旅游地的社会建构意义应该引起关注。     

社区归属感对乡村旅游地居民社区参与的影响——以浙江安吉为例

乡村旅游地居民是社区参与的主体,社区参与是乡村旅游地可持续发展的重要前提,目前社区归属感对乡村旅游地居民社区参与的影响机制和路径研究较为薄弱。基于文献回顾,引入旅游获益中介变量,构建乡村旅游地居民的社区归属感——社区参与结构方程模型。以浙江安吉为例,通过实地问卷调查采集数据,探讨社区归属感对社区参与的影响机制及路径。研究表明：乡村旅游地居民社区归属感对旅游获益和社区参与均有显著正向影响,旅游获益是社区归属感影响社区参与的中介变量;社区归属感对社区参与既有直接效应又有间接效应,其直接效应（0．48）远远高于通过中介变量旅游获益对社区参与的间接效应（0．55×0．27）;旅游地居民对个人职业与旅游业的关系的重视程度要高于家庭成员职业与旅游业的关系。最后提出了促进乡村旅游发展的若干建议和研究不足。     

我国都市旅游发展的产业政策研究——上海问题与国际经验

本文在对上海浦东新区旅游饭店、旅行社、旅游景区点、会展公司、邮轮公司、海关、旅游行业协会与上海签证处等单位进行深入调查基础上,研究了浦东与上海在发展都市旅游产业政策方面存在的问题及国际都市旅游产业政策的成功经验,并运用产业经济学与公共经济学的理论针对存在问题,参照国际经验,提出了我国都市旅游产业政策体系构建与完善的建议。     

我国出境游客旅行前的信息搜索行为意向研究：基于TAM、TPB与DTPB模型

本文使用TAM、TPB与DTPB模型对我国出境游客旅行前的信息搜索行为意向进行分析发现,态度是影响我国出境游客旅行前信息搜索行为意向的首要因素,其次则是知觉有用性、感知行为控制和主观规范。同时,研究也发现,虽然上述3个模型对行为意向均具有较强的解释力,但从模型解释的变异量、拟合度及简约性来看,TPB模型最为恰适,且修正后的TPB模型解释了行为意向75％的变异。     

A note on the dating of the clay smoking pipes collected in the course of two archaeological surveys conducted in Saudi Arabia: the Comprehensive Survey of Saudi Arabia (1976–1981) and Michael Gilmore’s survey of the Darb al‐Hajj

Several clay smoking pipes (chibouks) were recovered during the course of two archaeological surveys conducted during the late 1970s and early 1980s in Saudi Arabia. At the time these projects took place, no published clay tobacco pipe typologies existed, forcing the participants to assign a cursory date of ‘Ottoman period’ to the pipes. Since then, considerable archaeological research has been done on the Ottoman clay pipe. The following concerns the refining of the dates of these tobacco pipes in light of new studies.