Imperial Geography and the Medieval Peutinger Map

The Peutinger map is an extraordinary world map drawn c.1200 and long considered a copy of a Roman road map made for late antique travellers. This paper presents arguments against these assumptions and concludes that the lost original was more likely to be a Carolingian display map. Ninth‐century scribes had the expertise and resources necessary for creating an antiquarian work based on Roman itinerary lists, while Carolingian rulers had ample motivation for commissioning a map to display their Roman imperial ambitions.     

关于中世纪德意志“二期农奴制”的几个问题

中世纪晚期,西欧许多农业地区因商品经济的介入而松动了封建关系,并进一步瓦解了农奴制。与西欧其它地区相比,德意志的农产品较早地加入了商品交易中。这是因为早在13世纪德意志就普遍实行了土地的租佃制,农村中有相当一批的个体自由农民。但是,随着粮食贸易的扩大,尤其是粮食贸易加入到远程贸易的交往中后,德意志农村的社会却向着与西欧其它地区相反的方向发展。大领地制更加巩固,自由农民原有的政治权利被剥夺,沉重的劳役重又强加在农民的身上,这些都大大推迟了德意志实现农业资本主义的进程。这种历史现象被历史学家们称之为“二期农奴制”。“二期农奴制”的产生不是历史的偶然,而是有很深的历史渊源,是由多方面的历史原因造成的。     

The Imperial End: How Empire Overtakes Refugees in Jeremiah

ABSTRACT

Refugee studies, postcolonial studies, as well as political theory is used to argue that the portrayal of the Judeans who flee to Egypt, rather than those deported to Babylon, occupy the social space of the everyday conception of refugees in Jeremiah. By examining the narratives of chapters 42–44 in relation to the oracles against the nations (chs. 46–51), I show how the exclusion of the Egyptian group shores up the imperial turn represented in the OANs. After explaining the oracles' imperial character, a discussion follows of how reading them as imperial produces the Egyptian group as refugees in chs. 42–44. An exploration of contemporary discussions regarding refugees follows, enabling the claim that refugees are produced by the state. Finally comes, a broader discussion on how various discursive strategies excludes the Egyptian group of refugees in favor of the Babylonian deportees, supportive of an imperialized agenda.