谈《商君书·垦令篇》中的重农抑商思想

关于商鞅变法的史实,见于司马迁的《史记》,而商鞅的政治主张,则见于《商君书》.不读《史记》,便不能了解变法的整个过程;不读《商君书》,也就不能了解商鞅的思想脉络.商鞅的政治主张,包括很多内容,而他的重农抑商的经济思想却较集中地反映在《商君书·垦令篇》中.     

《商君书》法治思想述论

《商君书》是商鞅及商鞅学派法学论著的一部总集,成书于商鞅变法至秦统一六国期间,并非一人一时之作。《商君书》中的一些主要理论,如变法思想与立法原则、以法治国与农战学说、赏刑法约与德生于刑、整饬吏治与以法为教等等,均被秦国的统治阶级奉为变法革新与立法建制的指导思想。作为先秦法家学说的重要内容,商鞅及商鞅学派的法治理论,又是先秦法家集大成者韩非法治学说的主要思想渊源之一,值得一论。     

《商君书》户籍管理思想与秦国户籍管理制度

商鞅学派的户籍管理思想在《商君书》中多有体现,而秦是中国户籍制度开创与基本规模奠定的时期。本文通过对二者在户籍的编制与管理、取得户籍的资格、户籍的分类、户籍登记的内容以及户籍的变更等几个方面的比较,考察商鞅及其学派的户籍管理思想在秦国政策中的渗透。     

西汉的功劳 阀阅制度

“论功劳行赏罚”,这是春秋、战国以来,推行军功爵制的一条基本原则。商鞅变法所宣布的“劳大者其禄厚,功多者其爵尊”,便是这一原则的具体贯彻和落实。根据《商君书·境内》和《睡虎地秦墓竹简》的资料,我们知道秦曾建立一套“劳、论、赐”的赐爵程序,就是根据将士建立功劳的大小,经过评议,赐给不同爵位和田宅、封邑的程序。在汉代也完全继承了秦代的赐爵程序。根据《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《居延汉简甲乙编》的资料研究,汉代以功劳为依据的赐爵手续,比秦代更完备,或者说有新的发展,它不仅适用于赐爵制,     

《商君书》杂考纠缪

《商君书》杂考纠缪张觉《商君书》为法家要籍,故治者代不乏人。近世之研究著述尤盛,但其间也存在着种种误解与不解。今不揣愚陋,略陈管窥蠡测之见,如有不当,尚望方家指正。一、《商君书》编集考《韩非子·五蠹》云：“今境内之民皆言治,藏商、管之法者家有之。”《...     

“秦家店”的奠基者商鞅

承蒙《炎黄春秋》刊出拙文一谈、再谈“秦家店”后,看来得接着谈它的指导理论及其奠基者。下面先谈商鞅。     

略论先秦诸子典籍的史学价值

先秦诸子的著作,经西汉末刘向、刘歆整理,载入《汉书·艺文志》"诸子略"中的有140家,,而流传至今的,不过20余种,其中主要有《管子》(管仲)、《邓析子》(邓析)、《墨子》(墨翟)、《老子》(老聃)、《文子》(老子弟子)、《关尹子》(关尹喜)、《列子》(列御寇)、《杨子》(杨朱)、《商君书》(商鞅)、《申子》(申不害)、《尸子》(尸佼)、《公孙龙子》(公孙龙)、《庄子》(庄周)、《慎子》(慎到)、《尹文子》(尹文)、《荀子》(荀卿)、《鹖冠子》(楚人)、《鬼谷子》(纵横家)、《亢仓子》(庚桑楚)、《韩非子》(韩非)、《吕氏春秋》(吕不韦)等等.     

司马迁和司马光关于商鞅论述的比较研究——从史学取舍角度浅析商鞅变法

对于商鞅变法,《史记·商君列传》和《资治通鉴·卷二》都做了很清晰的记叙,但由于种种原因,两位史学家对商鞅变法全部过程的记录有各自的取舍之处。本文试图通过对比司马迁和司马光在史书中对商鞅早年经历、商鞅变法内容与评价的描述来浅析商鞅变法。     

《韩非子·和氏篇》之“燔诗书而明法令”考证

本文以商鞅变法后秦国文化政策的变迁为研究切入点,详解《韩非子·和氏篇》为商鞅变法"燔诗书而明法令"孤证的来龙去脉。再根据现有文献资料,考辨《和氏篇》究竟是否为韩非所著。最后,运用历史与逻辑相结合的研究法,论述韩非记载此事的目的和真实性。     

浅论《商君书》的行政思想

本文分析探讨了《商君书》在进行行政改革、建立和完善新的行政制度以及官吏选拔与任命、加强和提高中央集权等方面的思想与内容,并说明了它在中国古代中的地位和作用。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.