关于冯友兰“照着讲”和“接着讲”方法的研究综述

冯友兰先生是20世纪我国著名的哲学家,也是我国近代哲学、哲学史研究范式的主要创建者之一。冯先生一生不仅进行深入的哲学研究,而且时刻关注中国哲学（史）的研究理论与方法的建设,先后提出了＂释古＂的方法、＂照着讲＂和＂接着讲＂的方法、＂正的方法＂和＂负的方法＂、＂抽象继承法＂和＂普遍性形式＂思想等一系列对中国哲学（史）研究极具指导意义和深远影响的理论与方法。其中,＂照着讲＂和＂接着讲＂是冯先生关于哲学史研究和哲学创新的基本方法,也是冯先生自己数十年研究工作所贯彻始终的方法。本文将对学界关于这一方法的研究状况作一综述。     

发生学方法与历史研究

发生学方法兴起于自然科学研究领域,随后被人文社会科学研究领域所采用。唯物史观和唯物辩证法使这一方法走向科学,从而形成了具有普遍意义的科学的马克思主义发生学方法。它是对现实及其发生前提和发生过程进行研究的方法,具有科学性、革命性和实践性特征,在马克思主义的历史研究方法体系中处于支配地位。然而,这并非意味着它是历史研究的唯一方法。这对我们加深理解唯物史观与历史学理论方法之间的关系,具有重要启示意义。     

模糊专家智能诊断系统在电动助力转向系统中的应用

智能故障诊断在汽车电子产品的设计、生产和维护过程中都起着关键的作用。本文介绍了现有电子设备智能基于规则的故障诊断方法 ,故障树诊断、模糊诊断方法和信息融合故障诊断方法 ,应用模糊综合评价理论和方法对电动助力转向系统故障进行了智能综合评价,该方法有容错性好、评价方法简单等特点,能够准确、高效地判断电动助力转向系统故障的目的。     

试论旅游学的研究方法

任何一个成熟的理论体系或学科都有与其学科性质和学科内容相适应的研究方法,以作为该理论和学科研究的基本手段和工具。旅游学是一门综合性的边缘学科,根据其学科性质和特点,我们应使用如下研究方法：一是综合法和借鉴法;二是理论与实践相结合的方法;三是定性分析和定量分析相结合的方法。     

浅谈数学教学中的思想方法

数学思想方法是数学的灵魂和精髓，如何在中学数学教材中体现数学思想方法，不失时机的向学生渗透数学思想方法是一个十分重要的问题。本文着重探讨初中数学内容中所蕴含的数学思想方法，并对实验教材与普通教材在数学思想方法处理方面进行比较。通过比较我们看到，《中学数学实验教材》中更突出了数学思想和数学方法，体现了知识教学和能力培养的统一。     

略论顾颉刚先生研究古史的方法

略论顾颉刚先生研究古史的方法顾潮综观顾颉刚先生在古史研究领域所取得的成就,与其运用的方法是分不开的。而且这些方法的确有独特之处。他生长于清末民初之际,在西风东渐的时势中,一方面承受了清代学者优秀的学术思想和方法,另一方面又受到西方科学的思想和方法的启...     

浅谈如何将数学思想和方法渗透于初中数学课堂中

在我国,许多数学家和教育家历来强调对中学生的数学思想和方法的教育,其目的就是要提高学生的数学思维能力和数学素养。数学思想和方法是数学知识的精髓,又是知识转化为能力的桥梁。目前初中阶段,主要数学思想方法有:数形     

古环境的复原及全新世时期的上辽河流域

环境考古学的理论和方法的应用使中国考古学进入了一个新的时代,中国的环境考古学研究在过去20多年来也有了前所未有的成就。目前,环境考古已基本成为普遍的研究方法应用于很多考古学的课题中,而且,环境考古的理论和方法也会伴随中国考古学的发展而更加完善。然而环境考古学本身对考古工作者提出了更高的要求,不仅需要考古学家有坚实的考古学理论和方法,而且还要掌握古环境科学的基本理论和方法及其如何在考古学中的应用。对于考古学家来说,对那些针对考古学研究的古环境学研究的理论和方法的理解是非常重要的。考古学家如果能够初步将古环境复原的方法和理论应用于考古学研究将是十分必要的。为了能使更多的考古学家掌握基本的古环境复原的方法,本文试图从考古学研究的角度来探讨环境考古的基本理论和方法,并以辽西地区的古环境为例进一步说明如何解读那些像孢粉等的古环境数据,以此推动中国环境考古学研究的开展。     

市场经济条件下更须充分发挥现代管理方法的作用

市场经济注重效率,增大了推广应用现代管理方法的必要性,同时也为应用现代管理方法增添了动力,提供了有利条件。如何广泛持久地推广应用现代管理方法,使之在经济建设中充分发挥作用,是值得重视的重要问题。市汤经济条件下应用现代管理方法更为必要现代管理方法是适应现代化大生产和现代化管理要求,能对现代条件下生产经营和其它社会活动进行有效管理的一系列方法手段的总称,也称之为现代管理技术方法。它的产生是经济、科技、军事等社会事业发展的需要,是综合运用现代自然科学和社会科学的多种相关学科的理论、原理、方法而形成的结…     

思想政治教育方法如何实现元发展

思想政治教育方法是中国共产党的理论工作和实践工具,在其深入社会化的过程中,思想政治教育方法有效性作用不大,发展难有突破。温故创新,公共价值观的问题需要用公共的方式解决,思想政治教育方法的元生长是思想政治教育方法实现当下发展的合理性选择,需要在思想政治教育方法“元”领域来构建其方法生长的要素和框架。     

Rethinking Postgraduate Education in Geography: The Case of the Netherlands

This paper discusses reforms in postgraduate education in geography in the Netherlands in the context of Europeanization and globalization. Europeanization and globalization have resulted in challenges as well as opportunities for students and universities. In terms of internationalization, Europeanization and the global economic crisis have opposite effects. Although Europeanization has resulted in an increased international orientation of postgraduate students in geography, the global economic crisis and the resulting cuts in the university and students' budgets hamper other aspects of the internationalization of postgraduate education in the Netherlands.     

Extreme weather events in northeastern New Brunswick (Canada) for the period 1950–2012: Comparison of newspaper archive and weather station data

In the context of global warming, changes in extreme weather and climate events are expected, particularly those associated with changes in temperature and precipitation regimes and those that will affect coastal areas. The main objectives of this study were to establish the number of extreme events that have occurred in northeastern New Brunswick, Canada in recent history, and to determine whether their occurrence has increased. By using archived regional newspapers and data from three meteorological stations in a national network, the frequency of extreme events in the study area was established for the time period 1950–2012. Of the 282 extreme weather events recorded in the newspaper archives, 70% were also identified in the meteorological time series analysis. The discrepancy might be explained by the synergistic effect of co‐occurring non‐extreme events, and increased vulnerability over time, resulting from more people and infrastructure being located in coastal hazard zones. The Mann Kendall and Pettitt statistical tests were used to identify trends and the presence of break points in the weather data time series. Results indicate a statistically significant increase in average temperatures and in the number of extreme events, such as extreme hot days, as well as an increase in total annual and extreme precipitation. A significant decrease in the number of frost‐free days and extreme cold days was also found, in addition to a decline in the number of dry days.     

Transnationalism and expatriate political engagement: the case of the Italian and French voting in Australia

The aim of this article is to provide an appreciation and analysis of the expatriate connectivity of Italian and French citizens from their place of residence in Australia through their respective elections in their home countries. Specifically, the article examines the case of Italians in Australia voting in the 2013 Italian elections and equally that of French citizens in Australia voting in the French presidential and the following legislative elections in 2017. The article examines the voting patterns there might be between those voting in their home country (Italy and France) and those voting in external electoral colleges (in this case, the relevant Australian college). The article shows that those living abroad—in this case, Australia—provide different political choices and less surprising low voting participation compared to the domestic districts. It also highlights that the transnational community can be, and is, influenced by the political context of their host country, which will be different from that which occurs in their home country.     

Capacity for Freedom – Using a New Poverty Measure to Look at Regional Differences in Living Standards within Australia

Using a recently developed measure of multidimensional poverty, the Freedom Poverty Measure, the difference in poverty rates of major cities, inner regional, and other areas have been compared. The population living in ‘other areas’ had the highest proportion of individuals living in freedom poverty. Those in inner regional areas (P = 0.0303) and those in major cities (P < 0.0001) were significantly less likely to be in freedom poverty than those in ‘other areas’. However, when breaking the analysis down to look at the different poverty rates for different age groups across the three regional classifications, it was found that there was no difference in the likelihood of being in freedom poverty between children in inner regional and other areas, adults in inner regional and other areas, and older people in inner regional and other areas. This may indicate that the disadvantage experienced by those living in regional centres has been overlooked in the past and is an emerging contemporary issue for health and education equity as well as economic equality.     

The Honey Bee In New Spain and Mexico

Resort-hotel location has diffused from the Northeast and Midwest to the Sunbelt and West. In 1985 there were approximately 834 resort hotels and 295,617 resort-hotel rooms in the United States. More than half of these rooms were located in just three states: Florida, Nevada, and Hawaii. The present distribution of resort-hotel rooms has been influenced by three periods in resort-hotel evolution. Until the early 20th century, resort hotels were in the tradition of the “Grand Hotel,” oriented toward natural resources in the East and Midwest and serving an elite clientele. Later in this period, elite resorts were also developed in the coastal Southeast and in the Southwest. A second, transitional period beginning in the 1920s accelerated construction of resort hotels in the Southwest and along the Southeastern coast. In the third period, post World War II mobility and affluence led to a revolution in resorthotel location and function. Resort hotels are now found in urban and suburban locations and have expanded the resort concept by linking it to meetings, conventions, and business travel. This has allowed resort hotels to adapt to changing market conditions and to achieve economies of scale by spreading demand throughout the year.     

东亚大城市的大饭店历史沿革、现代发展及其城市功能

本文叙述了东亚大城市中的大饭店的历史沿革和现代化发展过程,着重分析了大饭店在城市中的表现形态和功能特色,并进一步探讨现代大饭店与城市现代化发展的相互适应和相互促进的紧密关系。文章着重介绍中国大陆的大饭店,并同日本,南韩的大饭店进行了对比研究。     

Sport and society in Italy today

Summary

In ‘Itinerary’ Patrick McCarthy provides an introduction to the four articles that examine the connections between sport, politics, business and contemporary culture in Italy. Noting that mass participation in sport has been closely related to modernization, McCarthy argues that the forms of contemporary mass sport reflect the particular cultural, political and economic conditions of each European society. In Italy these made soccer and cycling the most popular mass sports by 1945.

Patrizia Dogliani’s article ‘Sport and Fascism’ examines the development of mass sport in Italy from the late nineteenth century, showing the critical role played by the Fascist regime, which rapidly expanded public sports facilities while the language of politics and combat permeated the vocabulary of sport in Italy in the 1920s and 1930s. Initially the emphasis was on international competition as a symbol of national virility, but following the success of Germany and the USA in the 1936 Olympics the regime’s search for consensus placed new emphasis on recreational aspects. The institutional and administrative organization of sport established in the 1930s remained in place in Italy, however, until more recendy.

In ‘Itinerary 2’ McCarthy examines the roles of the boxer Carnera from Friuli and the racing driver Tazio Nuvolari as sporting heroes of Mussolini’s Italy and in ‘Itinerary 3’ shows how the struggles between Catholic Italy and Communist Italy were personified in the rivalry between the cyclists Gino Bartali and Fausto Coppi in the post-war period.

In ‘Itinerary 4’ he asks why soccer had by the 1970s overtaken cycling as Italy’s most popular sport. That theme is examined in greater detail by Nicola Porro and Pippa Russo, whose article reconstructs the ‘hybridization of sport, mass media and politics’ in Italy in the 1990s. Its central focus is Silvio Berlusconi, the self-made media tycoon who founded Fininvest in the 1970s, acquired AC Milan in 1986, and by 1994 controlled a media empire that enabled him to found a new political party (Forza Italia) and become Italy’s Prime Minister albeit for less than a year. Porro and Russo examine the ways in which Berlusconi’s roles in the world of the media and professional soccer have changed both Italian politics and Italian sport.

In ‘Itinerary 5’ McCarthy sets the example of Berlusconi in the context of the integration of soccer and mass media, the commercialization and politicization of sport at a global level in the last decade. These issues are developed in greater detail in Emanuela Poli’s article, ‘The revolution in the televised soccer market’, which emphasizes the critical role that has been played by soccer and soccer clubs in the development of the new media empires based on digital pay-per-view TV and the sale of sporting events in the 1990s. This has left control of the sport (in terms of who can watch and when) in the hands of major international communications moguls like Berlusconi and Rupert Murdoch.

‘Itinerary 6’ links the fragmentation of collective myths like the national soccer championships to the decline of the nation state, and surveys the situation of other sports in Italy (the Americas Cup, skiing, rugby football. Formula 1 motor racing and the gymnasium). The latter is the subject of the final article by Roberta Sassatelli on ‘The commercialization of discipline: keep-fit culture and its values’ which explores the social and cultural meanings attached to the growing vogue for fitness clubs and the shaping of the ideal body in contemporary Italy.     

The Rothschilds in Naples

Abstract

The Rothschild bank in Naples was founded following the Restoration of 1815, and thereafter played a major role in the financial affairs of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and other Italian states until Italy’s Unification after which its operations were transferred to Turin and Rome in 1863. This article examines the career of Karl Rothschild and his son Adolphe in Naples, and describes their close contacts with the Neapolitan government, their intervention to finance the return of Pope Plus IX to Rome following the revolution of 1848–9, and their financial dealings with Cavour and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Savoy in the early 1850s. As well as contacts with the parent Rothschild banking operations in Frankfurt and London, the article examines the Rothschilds’ relations with other foreign and local bankers in Naples. It also explores their role in Neapolitan society and their role in the re-establishment of the Jewish community in Naples in 1830, which they continued to watch with interest long after the family’s banking interests in the city had been wound up.     

Religion and the US Presidency: Politics,the Media,and Religious Identity

Abstract

The relationship between religion and the presidency impacts both the viability of candidates and the manner in which decisions are made in the voting booth. Today we are living in culture where religion is front and center in politics. This article examines the role of religion in political discourse with special attention to the 2012 presidential election. It focuses on the manner in which religion and politics have become inextricably interwoven in the past sixty years. It begins by establishing the role of religion in the broader political arena. The article then turns to the manner in which religious identity and participation influence voting patterns, and how religious affiliation shapes the office of the presidency. The conclusion offers some reflections on the future of religion in presidential politics, an issue that will continue to be a significant factor in how and why voters support and marginalize particular candidates.     

Land acquisition induced conflicts in suburban China: a procedural perspective

Protests and opposition to land acquisition from displaced peasants for fair compensation occur on a daily basis in China and have become the most prominent social problem in rural parts of the country. Employing a procedural perspective on conflict, this paper aims to uncover the complexities and tensions that are triggered in the process by drawing on a case of a land confiscation in Jining City, a medium‐size city in Shandong Province, China. Our research shows that conflicts exist at various scales: both between the local governments and rural households and between the village officials and villagers. The paper argues that ambiguity in de jure and de facto land acquisition procedures has resulted in both an escalation of conflict and increasing inequality in the outcomes and benefits of the process. We discuss and conclude that the differences between de jure and de facto procedures in the process of land acquisition are a significant institutional barrier in the resolution of conflict in this important issue for rural China.