Popular consent and foreign policy choices: war against the Philippines and covert action in Chile

It is usually assumed that US policy makers need to generate popular consent in order to undertake regime change against another state. This article explores the ways in which contextual factors such as the joint democracy effect, popular values and public moods influenced efforts by elites in the United States to generate popular consent for regime change in the Philippines and Chile. Against the backdrop of the Vietnam War, the United States undertook covert action in Chile due to public recognition of the target state's democratic credentials and a public mood opposed to further military ventures. In contrast, the absence of a strong joint democracy effect, a national mood infused with romantic nationalism qua militarism and social Darwinism facilitated efforts by US elites to generate consent for the invasion and occupation of the Philippines. Subsequently, this article contributes to understandings of the domestic-level factors that influence foreign policy decisions.     

Affirmative action

Marian Sawer (ed.), Program for Change: Affirmative Action in Australia, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 1986, pp. 170. $22.50 (cloth), $10.95 (paper)

Gabriel Moens, Affirmative Action: The New Discrimination, Sydney, Centre for Independent Studies, 1985, pp. 112. $11.95 (paper)     

Practical surveying in schools

Analysis of detailed geomorphological mapping enables a sequence of glacial events to be established. An ice sheet whose source was to the west of the area of study is shown, by the suites of fluvioglacial landforms produced, to have down‐wasted in situ; meltwaters escaped beneath or through the ice, moving uphill across certain areas. Finally, a sub‐aerial drainage system was established and outwash terraces were spread down valley.     

Practical Problems in Physical Geography

Before physical geographers will be able to play a more effective role in applied research, a number of methodological problems should be investigated. Work must be done on the kinds of relationships that exist between the physical environment and engineering structures. Physical phenomena of economic significance must be translated into commensurable technical and economic units that can be taken into consideration in the design of engineering objects.     

孟子的实践哲学及其特征

孟子的实践哲学是一个完整而精致的体系。在确立人为实践主体的前提下,设定了以仁政王天下的宏伟实践目标,规划了以道德实践为核心的内容,通过"求放心"、"思"、养心、养气等主体的思维实践,张扬善端,实现仁政王天下的实践目的。孟子在他的实践哲学构建的过程中,凝练出高扬主体价值、主体与客体高度统一、人性与实践有机结合等鲜明的特征。     

Seafaring as social action

This paper builds upon traditional investigations of maritime activities, particularly seafaring itself, to study the social relationships between people and the sea as well as the technology, necessary knowledge and skills that are implicated. The research is based upon evidence of seafaring drawn from the circulation of obsidian from the island of Lipari around the central Mediterranean throughout the Neolithic c.6500–3500 BC. It focuses upon journeys across the Adriatic, identifying the importance of travel in the creation of social alliance and identity, shedding light upon relationships and practices that are generally invisible without proper consideration of maritime activity. The implications of ongoing maritime activity in the region reflect upon Neolithic activities and temporalities which are outside the sphere of settlement specific landscapes, hitherto the sole focus of the majority of Italian Neolithic research.     

休闲的理想和现实的反思

20世纪末以来,随着社会生产力的巨大发展和物质财富的极大丰富,人类对自然界的改变将逐渐转变为对人类自身的改变,人类自我实现的需求较以往任何时期更为迫切。“休闲”,这个古老而又现代的命题再次成为理论界关注的热点。2000年8月,云南人民出版社推出《休闲研究丛书》,介绍美国学者的休闲理论。其中由托马斯·古德尔和杰弗瑞·戈比著,成素梅等翻译的《人类思想史中的休闲》一书颇为引人注目。     

A Practical Guide to Focus-Group Research

This article guides readers through the decisions and considerations involved in conducting focus-group research investigations into students' learning experiences. One previously published focus-group study is used as an illustrative example, along with other examples from the field of pedagogic research in geography higher education. An approach to deciding whether to use focus groups is suggested, which includes a consideration of when focus groups are preferred over one-to-one interviews. Guidelines for setting up and designing focus-group studies are outlined, ethical issues are highlighted, the purpose of a pilot study is reviewed, and common focus-group analysis and reporting styles are outlined.     

Dynamo action in sporadic-E formation

A theoretical study of the effects of background winds on wind shear-produced sporadic-E layers requires an account of the dynamo electric fields which result from the plasma motion produced by these winds. When a sporadic-E layer is carried downward by a descending wind shear the final height of the layer may vary by some 10 km depending on the background wind. Due to a loading effect on the dynamo, for a given background wind, the final height may vary by about 6 km depending on the degree of ionization in the E-layer in the magnetically conjugate hemisphere. The time scale for dispersal of a sporadic-E layer by drifts in wind-induced electric fields may be as little as 2 h.     

"基督教国家"的理念和现实基础

基督教在由“出世”倾向朝“入世”倾向转变的过程中,提出了神权统治的思想体系。利用中世纪初期西欧政治秩序的混乱,基督教会凭借其经济、文化和社会势能,实现了其政治理念,把中世纪的欧洲锻造成一个单一的政治实体,即所谓的“基督教国家”。这个进程充分反映了宗教意识形态对人类文明发展的巨大影响。     

Google Earth软件在考古探测中的应用评析

Google Earth软件因其独特的视角、先进的性能、广泛的用途、低廉的价格决定了其在考古工作中大有作为,在探测研究历史文化遗产上将起到不可替代的重要作用。探讨Google Earth软件在考古学中运用的优缺点,以便更好地开发考古专用软件。     

Liberal Government and the Practical History of Anthropology

This paper explores the implications of Foucault's perspective of liberal government for approaches to the practical history of anthropology. It also draws on assemblage theory to consider the changing relations between field, museum and university in relation to a range of early twentieth-century anthropological practices. These focus mainly on the development of the Boasian paradigm in the USA during the inter-war years and on the anthropological practices clustered around the Musée de l'Homme in the 1930s. Key steps in the argument focus on the role of what Foucault called “transactional realities” in mediating the practical applications of anthropology in colonial contexts and in “anthropology at home” projects. Special consideration is also given to the increasingly archival properties of anthropological collections in the early twentieth century and the consequences of this for anthropology's relations to practices of governing.