龙游石窟的价值与保护

<正>公元1992年6月2日龙游石窟的重新现世,给我国的石窟增加了一个新伙伴。龙游石窟既是龙游古代劳动人民汗水与智慧的结晶,也是浙江省一笔丰厚的历史文化遗产。2013年3月被国务院公布为全国重点文物保护单位,使龙游石窟的文保工作上了新的台阶,对于其今后的保护和研究也提供了可靠的法律依据。一、建筑规模与布局龙游石窟大型地下洞室群位于龙游县石岩背村,共有24个洞室,而且在其他地方可能还存在没有被发现的     

浙江衢州地区红砂岩石室群成因探析

提及浙江衢州“龙游石窟”大家并不陌生,尤其是近几年来,通过媒体的广泛宣传,可以说名扬海内外。国内专家、学者前往实地考察研究的也越来越多,并对“石窟群”的成因与用途提出了各自的观点。出于当地考古工作者的职业本能,我们也曾对本地区类似“龙游石窟”的红砂岩石室作了实地勘察,并进行了一些初步研究。一、石室群分布状况1998年8月12日,我们应衢州市旅游局副局长徐文荣先生之邀,前往了“龙游石窟”进行第一次考察,至今已先后三次到实地作调查。同时,还先后三次对“龙游石窟”至上游的常山县溪口镇一带沿江两岸进行了实地调查。结果发…     

拈花微笑 画家笔下的石窟佛像

<正>我们见过太多世界遗产的影像作品,而世界遗产绘画作品,尤其是石窟佛像这样成系列的,还真不多见。在画家汤余铭先生的笔下,石窟中的菩萨们跃然纸上,或侧目沉思,或微笑不语,直达观者心灵。在世界文化遗产中,许多历史文化遗迹包含了宗教文化艺术元素,无论是庙宇、石窟,还是教堂、神社;无论是建筑、雕塑,还是壁画、工艺品,都体现出各类宗教文化艺术的博大精深。在我国,宗教文化遗产不在少数,尤其是大量以石窟为表现形式的佛教遗址,如敦煌石窟、龙门石窟、云冈石     

敦煌莫高窟保护总体规划

敦煌莫高窟保护总体规划(2003- 2004年,与美国盖蒂保护所、澳大利亚遗产委员会、敦煌研究院合编)。莫高窟是现今世界上规模最宏大、历史最久长、内容最丰富、保存最良好的佛教石窟寺;也是我国唯一具备世界遗产全部价值评估标准的文化遗产。     

东莞地区红砂岩文化遗存病害机理研究

红砂岩作为建筑材料,在广东历史上占有举足轻重的地位,故东莞地区遗留有众多的红砂岩文化遗存,它们具有较高的历史、科学和艺术价值。红砂岩文化遗存多处于露天状态,在多种因素的共同作用下,病害状况较严重。目前,针对这些文化遗存的保护研究还没有充分开展。为此,在对红砂岩文化遗存保存状况调查的基础上,使用XRD等分析手段研究该地区红砂岩文化遗存的风化腐蚀机理。结果表明,侵蚀破坏红砂岩文化遗存的主要因素是水(降雨、酸雨、毛细水)和可溶盐。本结果可为进一步开展该地区红砂岩文化遗存的规划保护提供依据。     

论冯国瑞对麦积山石窟的历史贡献

本文主要结合历史资料和文献典籍,全面评述了冯国瑞先生其人其事,并从保护石窟和捐赠文物等方面阐述了他对麦积山石窟的历史贡献。     

陕西邠县大佛寺石窟

邠县大佛寺在县城西北20里西兰公路南边一个红砂岩山上,北接泾河。全寺石窟可分为三部:正中为大佛石窟,西南为小窟群,东南为千佛洞。关     

浅析中国世界遗产的类别

中国现在拥有32项世界遗产,包括文化遗产、文化与自然双重遗产、文化景观遗产、口头与非物质文化遗产等五个类别。世界文化遗产和自然遗产占绝大多数。如石窟寺、皇陵等。我们可以将已有的世界遗产进行详细的分类分析,总结出一套如何更有效的申报世界遗产和保护世界遗产的方法。     

浙江龙游石窟“天马行空”图年代考

1992年,浙江龙游发现石窟,洞内有一石刻浮雕像。对此浮雕像内容表示的意义及生成年代众说纷纭。作者从多方面作了分析研究,认为此像应为“天马行空”图,成于南朝时期。     

花山谜窟：越王勾践藏兵洞

人们之所以将北纬30°称作“神秘线”,是因为在此附近区域,存在着百慕大三角、埃及金字塔、撒哈拉大沙漠、珠穆朗玛峰、有大批恐龙化石的四川自贡、传有野人出没的湖北神农架和钱塘江潮等诸多千古之谜、世界奇观。现在,随着屯溪花山谜窟的发掘,北纬30°神秘线区域又增添了一处奇观。走近花山石窟群我是1999年初夏应邀走近这群神奇的石窟进行考察、研究的。在此之前,我只知道这花山区域有一些敞开的小石洞,当地村民都说是古人采石留下来的废弃采石场。谁也没有料到,最后竟然一下子发现了36个石窟,而且有的石窟大如地下宫殿,有的长如地下长廊…     

Dilemma of local socio-economic perspectives in management of historic ruins in Kilwa Kisiwani World Heritage Site,Tanzania

The study explored the value that local residents place on historic ruins, focusing on their socio-economic value. It also explored the implications of conventional Cultural Heritage Management’s (CHM) indifference to this. Using in-depth data from 22 residents in Kilwa Kisiwani World Heritage Site in Tanzania, the study found that residents not only attach cultural value to the ruins, but also consider them a conservation project and tourist attraction, from which they can earn money and get employment and see infrastructure and social facilities developed. It also found that the destructive activities of illegally digging to construct toilets and water collectors, letting domestic animals wander in the ruins, quarrying old underground walls for coral stones, and lighting fires are partly the result of limited socio-economic benefits, inconsistent business opportunities, complaints about employment and payment, and few feasible alternatives for making a living. By engaging with the socio-economic discourse, this study broadens our understanding of the integration of conservation in the broader social agenda, and contributes to the economist-anthropologic debate on CHM. It informs heritage managers and policy makers on alternative strategies that would maintain the sustainability of the heritage.     

砂岩类石窟寺保护新进展——以云冈石窟保护研究新成果为例

石窟寺作为石质文物的典型代表,具有极高的历史、艺术和科学价值,但普遍面临着洞窟及岩体失稳、各种水患、雕刻表面污染以及石雕风化等问题。国家科技部和国家文物局立项的"石质文物保护关键技术研究"项目,以世界文化遗产山西大同云冈石窟为例,针对我国砂岩类石窟寺普遍存在的共性关键技术问题,进一步深入研究了砂岩类石窟病害的机理,研发了监测、检测技术手段和装备以及文物加固、保护材料和工艺,提升了云冈石窟乃至我国砂岩类石窟文物保护的整体水平,研究成果已推广运用于同类石窟寺的保护工作。     

25年中国世界遗产之路

25年前,当遗产问题受到世界各国越来越多的关注和重视时,中国作为一个有着5000年文明史的古国顺应国际潮流,加入了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》,对国际社会作出了为全人类妥善保护中国境内世界遗产的庄严承诺。在此后的25年间,中国积极参与国际文化和自然遗产的保护,并积极申报世界遗产,成为一个已拥有40处文化和自然遗产的遗产大国。     

Quarrying and Production of Milling,Implements at Antelope Hill,Arizona

Abstract

To process mesquite, maize, and other substances, aboriginal groups living in the Lower Colorado-Lower Gila rivers region of SW North America used characteristic milling equipment: squared, flat-faced, convex-based metates (lower grindstones) with elongated manos (upper grindstones) and large wooden mortars with long, cylindrical stone pestles. Andesite and sandstone bedrock outcrops where stone was quarried and milling implements produced have been located. The archaeological deposits at the quarries have not been masked by the debris of later quarrying for rotary mills or building blocks, and thus the quarry sites offer an opportunity to study the production of ancient forms of milling implements, and provide insights into the organization of an ancient stone technology. Antelope Hill, a large arkosic sandstone quarry on the Lower Gila River in Arizona is presented as an example of a widespread phenomenon in the region. Analysis of quarry debris in the field and laboratory, experimental replication, and ethnographic and historical data, combined, have resulted in an understanding of this aspect of aboriginal technology.     

Negotiation of Social Values in the World Heritage Listing Process: A Case Study on the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,China

This paper examines the World Heritage listing process for the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to understand the sociopolitical meanings of heritage in contemporary China. Over the past four decades, the efforts of the Chinese government have been clearly geared towards improving governance over heritage sites by designating them as state properties, which requires the selection and evaluation of cultural heritage sites on the specific political meaning based on historical, aesthetic, or scientific value. In the process of World Heritage listing of Chinese heritage sties, the model of ‘state properties’ had to be compatible with UNESCO’s understanding of ‘heritage’, as well as economic benefits of heritage. Drawing on the data collected from the process of World Heritage listing of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, this paper explores the integration of the social meanings of heritage into the ‘authorized’ values criteria, facilitating multiple uses of ‘heritage’ through collaboration among UNESCO, Chinese heritage officials, and local communities. It argues that practices of heritage that consider social meanings will integrate local communities’ understandings into political meanings of heritage on basis of central government’s interests. This paper shows how the social meanings of heritage create a dialectical relationship to enable a ‘living’ cultural process in the preservation of ‘state properties’. In addition, the social meanings of heritage allow all potential stakeholder groups to negotiate with the heritage bureaucracy, as well as strengthening the role of local interests in heritage policy.     

Social Values and Rock Art Tourism: An Ethnographic Study of the Huashan Rock Art Area (China)

The rapid expansion of cultural tourism has led to increased numbers of visitors to rock art sites throughout the world. The rise of rock art tourism has affected not only the preservation of rock art sites, but also the social values attributed to the sites by communities in the immediate vicinity. Social values refer to the social and cultural meanings that a place of heritage holds for a particular community. This article aims to discuss the influence of tourism on the social values that uphold local communities’ emotional attachment to rock art heritage, using the Huashan rock art area in China as a case study. Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape is the first rock art heritage in China proposed to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List and officially obtained World Heritage Status in July 2016. This article argues that many of the changes generated by the endeavour towards tourism promotion by the authorities in their pursuit of World Heritage designation have contributed to the reinforcement of the social values under discussion. However, negative feelings among the communities in response to the undesired consequences of the designation campaign might have resulted in the attenuation of such values. The ultimate goal of the research is to prompt further reflection on existing rock art heritage management mechanisms both in China and worldwide.     

空间信息技术在丝绸之路(新疆段)申遗前期资料准备中的应用

文物测绘是一项伴随着考古、田野调查和文物保护规划而发展起来的专业方向,随着文化遗产保护事业的发展正逐渐从单纯的文物本体的测绘、制图、建档和研究要求向保护规划和保护工程提供全面的空间信息技术支撑转化,向综合性文化遗产区域基础信息化建设方向发展。在丝绸之路(新疆段)申遗前期资料的准备中,测绘技术得到了最为广泛的应用,为申遗和文化遗产保护事业的发展提供了强有力的支持,也代表了其将来的发展方向和趋势。     

大运河作为文化线路的认识与分析

中国的大运河一直是炎黄子孙所珍视的文化遗产。近年来的申遗热,更促使学界将大运河纳入世界遗产的范畴之中进行全新的认识与研究,同时国际重要的遗产研究团体也对大运河这一特殊案例给予了多方关注。当前学界对于大运河遗产的特点与价值等重点专题都展开了热烈地探讨,但与世界遗产理论体系并没有充分地接轨。因此,有必要从世界遗产体系中已有的相关文件在对大运河价值评估中产生的问题出发,探索"文化线路"对于大运河特质识别和价值研究的理论指导,从而发掘出对大运河遗产的新认识。     

世界遗产:人和遗产的关系变革

纵观1978年以来《世界遗产名录》的变化轨迹,可以清晰地看到世界遗产事业发展所走过的道路:从精英阶层的遗产到平民百姓的遗产;从人类征服自然的杰作到人与自然和谐共生的产物;从单一文化的代表到文化交流和交融的成果;从单点小规模遗产到跨区域跨国境巨尺度遗产;从古代遗产到现代遗产;从静态遗产到活态遗产.这种发展还反映在全社会对遗产关注点的变化,即:从关注遗产点的时代断代到关注遗产点在整个历史进程中的地位、作用及影响;从关注文化到关注文化与自然的互动;从关注物质遗产到关注物质与非物质遗产共生:从关注物质遗存到关注物质遗存与社会和人的关系;从关注利益相关者的权益到关注全民参与保护,保护惠及民生的实践.这种认识上的发展体现了"以人为本"的精神,也体现出遗产保护与当地社会发展的和谐共进.     

A Framework for Sustainable Heritage Management: A Study of UK Industrial Heritage Sites

In 2002, the World Heritage Committee declared heritage to be ‘an instrument for the sustainable development of all societies’. The term ‘sustainable development’, however, is inscribed with a complex economic, environmental and social agenda that challenges contemporary World Heritage management practice. This paper draws on a content analysis of six industrial UK World Heritage Site management plans. The analysis focuses on the extent that each plan integrates four key sustainability dimensions. Findings indicate that the planning frameworks and collaboration processes in operation at each site ensure conservation of the historical physical fabric but limit the development of a sustainable local cultural economy. A sustainable heritage management framework is presented based on the adoption of a long‐term strategic orientation and extensive local community participation in decision making. The framework is relevant to other complex heritage sites such as historic towns and cultural landscapes.