Scientific exploration in the yarlung

ＰｈｏｔｏｓａｎｄＴｅｘｔｂｙＹＡＮＧＹＩＣＨＯＵｈｅＹａｒｌｕｎｇＺａｎｇｂｏＧｒａｎｄＣａｎｙｏｎｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｓｒｅｍｏｔｅｎｅｓｓａｎｄａｆｉｅｒｃｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．Ａｔｉｔｓｈｅａｒｔｉｓａ“ｎｏｍａｎｓｌａｎｄ”;Ｍｅｄｏｇａ...     

科学发展观与科学改革观

从逻辑延伸、决策意图、落实机制以及社会反应等方面可以看出,科学发展观呼唤科学改革观;科学发展观从历史观、价值观以及方法论等方面规范着科学改革观;以科学发展观为依据,科学改革观要经得住历史与现实、公平与效率、国计与民生以及“普适”与“特色”几个维度的检验。     

Psychiatry and race during World War II

Although the American literature on "war neuroses" expanded during World War II, psychiatrists remained more interested in dramatic instances of "combat fatigue" than in the problems of soldiers who broke down far from the field of battle. This bias in the medical literature shaped both diagnosis and treatment. It had an especially powerful effect on African American soldiers who, in the "Jim Crow" army of World War II, were assigned in disproportionate numbers to service units. When military neuropsychiatrists did write about troubled young African Americans, many revealed a racial conservatism that was surprising given the liberal environmentalist paradigm of the day. (Here, a particularly useful source is the two-volume history of Neuropsychiatry in World War II, produced by the Medical Department of the U.S. Army.) The major challenge to such views came from the National Medical Association (NMA). Despite its many criticisms of military medicine, the NMA argued that African American soldiers and veterans needed more, not fewer, psychiatric services. NMA members also joined their white counterparts in the campaign to diminish the stigma of mental illness, especially among the families of soldiers returning home. We need more investigation of the subsequent history of race and psychiatry, especially within the Veterans Administration.     

The Origins of British Military Psychiatry Before the First World War

Abstract

This article discusses the military role of the Moorish units deployed by the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), and assesses their impact in cultural, social, and religious terms, especially given the image of Muslim troops going back to the Reconquista.     

坚持历史学的科学方向——纪念中国共产党成立80周年

在中国,马克思主义的历史科学是伴随着中国共产党的诞生和发展而诞生和发展的。党的创始人之一李大钊同志是在中国倡导运用唯物史观指导历史研究的第一人。自1919年开始,他先后发表《我的马克思主义观》(发表于1919年5月、11月出版的《新青年》第6卷第5、6号)、《物质变动与道德变动》(发表于1919年12月出版的《新潮》第2卷第2号)。     

History and the Scientific Worldview

Worldviews affect human behavior, and how we behave affects the world around us. Animism and so-called higher religions remain influential worldviews; but the scientific worldview is comparably significant, and has undergone drastic change during the twentieth century. The physical science ideal of mathematical precision and predictability, as elaborated by Galileo, Newton, and their heirs, underwent an amazing transformation in the twentieth century when Big Bang cosmology substituted an expanding, unstable universe for the Newtonian world machine. As a result, a grand convergence of the sciences seems to be emerging around an evolutionary vision of how new aspects of reality emerge locally from new levels of complexity, like the heavier atoms, forged in stellar furnaces, the living molecules that arose in earth's primordial seas, and the symbolic systems invented by human societies perhaps as recently as forty thousand years ago. History, once a hopelessly inexact laggard among the sciences, might even become something of a model for other disciplines, since it deals with the most complex levels of reality we are aware of, that is, the world of agreed-upon meanings that guides our interaction with one another and with the biological, chemical, and physical worlds around us.     

Scientific Exploration of the Moon

Abstract

The exploration of the Moon has involved a highly successful interdisciplinary approach to solving a number of scientific problems. It has required the interactions of astronomers to classify surface features; cartographers to map interesting areas; geologists to unravel the history of the lunar crust; geochemists to decipher its chemical makeup; geophysicists to establish its structure; physicists to study the environment; and mathematician to work with engineers on optimizing the delivery to and from the Moon of exploration tools. Although, to date, the harvest of lunar science has not answered all the questions posed, it has already given us a much better understanding of the Moon and its history. Additionally, the lessons learned from this endeavor have been applied successfully to planetary missions. The scientific exploration of the Moon has not ended; it continues to this day and plans are being formulated for future lunar missions.     

实事求是开拓创新——祝《史学月刊》创刊50周年

“实事求是”一语,原出于《汉书·河间献王刘德传》：“修学好古,实事求是。”今《辞源》注：“务得事实,每求真是。”毛泽东在《改造我们的学习》中借用此语并给以新的阐发：“‘实事’就是客观存在着的一切事物,‘是’就是客观事物的内部联系,即规律性,求就是我们去研究。” 把“实事求是”用于历史学的研究,就是要力求观点与史料的统一,也就是我们经常所说的理论与实际的统一。 《史学月刊》原名《新史学通讯》,创刊于１９５１年１月;至１９５７年１月始改为今名。从《通讯》算起,至２００１年１月,正好是五十周年。 创刊伊…     

Historic Scientific Relic Hidden in the Palazzo Vecchio

Abstract

In November 1667, the great clock in the tower of the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, began to strike the hours. It incorporated the horary inventions of Galileo Galilei, the pinwheel type of escapement and the pendulum regulator. The origin of this historic clock, its installation and subsequent history are here described and illustrated.     

民间剪纸组合意象的解读

民间剪纸中常见以鱼、凤、蝶、猫、虎比附男性,以莲、牡丹、葫芦、瓜比附女性,又常合二而一为“猫卧莲”、“鱼钻莲”、“金鸡探莲”、“鹭鸶绕莲”、“鸡卧牡丹”、“蝶闹牡丹”、“蝴蝶戏牡丹”、“蝴蝶扑瓜”、“蝴蝶闹西     

Scientific Survey of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the 1960s

AgroupofChinesescientistssur-veyedtheQinghai-TibetPIateauinthe1960s,andretumedwithaston-ishinadiscoveries.SURVEYOfMUD-STONEFLOW.In1958,ShiYafengheadedagroupofscientistswhosurveyedglaciersontheQiliangshanMoun-tains.Thereafter,hecreatedtheLanzhouGlacierandPermafrostResearchInstituteoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,ThismarksthebeginningofhisassociationwiththeQinghai-TibetPlateau.In1963,ShienteredTibetforthefirsttime.HewenttoinspecttheworkofthePer-mafrostStudyoffice,setupattheTumen-…     

Experimental Systems in the Co-Construction of Scientific Knowledge**

The publication of Toward a History of Epistemic Things 25 years ago was a landmark in science studies. Not only was the book a brilliant overview of new research trends, but it was also a personal and highly original contribution because of its emphasis on the major role of experimental systems in the construction of scientific knowledge. The paths that it opened have not yet been fully explored. More seriously, the ambition of the author to reinforce the value of scientific knowledge by the role of experimental systems in its construction has not been pursued.     

留在千古莽原上的脚印——可可西里科考回眸(下)

年轻气象学骨干张琳的脚印张琳是青海省气象科学研究所的工程师,参加可可西里综合科学考察时他36岁。张琳的任务是观测有关气象的全部数据,最后拿出可可西里的气象报告。考察队在一个点上一般工作4天,可他要做的事特别多。为完成繁重任务,每到一个新的地方,他顾不上休息,     

贵州沿河跨界科考纪行

<正>2018年10月25～31日,以"探秘画廊乌江,情满山歌沿河"为主题的第四届"美丽中国·跨界科考"大型生态公益系列活动在贵州省铜仁市沿河土家族自治县展开。来自动物学、植物学、生态学、地质学和古生物学等多个学科领域的专家学者,多年从事野生动植物保护工作的科研人员,来自全国各地的媒体记者、科普工作者、摄影师,以及旅游和美食达人等近200人齐聚沿河,组成一只跨界融合的科考队伍。5天的时间里,科考队员们兵分几路,以自