Traitana und Θraēta(o)na

An attempt is made to reconstruct a Proto-Indo-Iranian legend, mainly on the basis of a passage in the Avestan Ardvsr-Yast (Yt. 5,61 f.) and a so far misinterpreted RVedic verse (1,115,5). The legend seems to involve a hero named *Traitana/*Tritana who rescues a devout mortal from water by killing a hostile creature (*dsa-). By comparing this legend with a set of closely related RVedic legends, in which mortals are rescued at sea or from imprisonment by Indra or the Avin, it is assumed that the story of *Traitana/*Tritana belonged to a genre once forming a part of an otherwise lost heroic poetry of Indo-Iranian age.     

Rethinking Jagiełło Hungary (1490–1526)

Abstract

Historians of the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania have identified the Sejm (Diet) of 1712–13 as a moment when, after the chaos of the Great Northern War, orderly government might have been restored and some political reforms enacted. Specifically, the efforts of August II to persuade the Sejm to pass wide-ranging fiscal and military reforms have been examined by Józef Gierowski, who argued that August II missed an opportunity at this Sejm to cement an alliance with the envoys (pos?owie) that might have curbed the powers of the hetmans, and gone on to enact further political reforms.

This focus on the king’s agenda, however, overlooks the reform programme pursued independently by the Sejm envoys. The envoys were hostile to the hetmans, but sought different reforms from the king. Examining their agenda allows a fuller understanding of this Sejm, as well as broadening our understanding of szlachta political thought more generally.     

临川方言V+得+o+补语的句法分析

临川方言的句法研究相对于临川方言的语音和词汇的研究来说是比较薄弱的。这可能是在研究语言变化时,句法是比较稳定的。因此临川方言中的一些句式与普通话相比没有很大的差别,而句法研究这一领域被研究者所忽视。事实上,临川方言中也有很多值得研究的句式,如下文所要分析的"v+得+o+补语"句式。     

临川方言V＋得＋o＋补语的句法分析

临川方言的句法研究相对于临川方言的语音和词汇的研究来说是比较薄弱的。这可能是在研究语言变化时,句法是比较稳定的。因此临川方言中的一些句式与普通话相比没有很大的差别,而句法研究这一领域被研究者所忽视。事实上,临川方言中也有很多值得研究的句式,如下文所要分析的“v＋得＋o＋补语”句式。     

“Reprende […] onde o merece o vício”: A sátira na poesia do Classicismo e do Maneirismo

If, deluded by general literary history, we only value what is ethical and responsible in classical Portuguese satire, forgetting that it can also contain individual arbitrariness aimed at the destruction of an object, we will miss the moments when, as in medieval satire, the factor of constitution seems to be the ruthless and immoral personalization of criticism of persons, institutions, or entities. The aesthetics of moderation ends up promoting a subtly saturated and concrete language that seems to pursue the annulment of the other rather than a corrective social function. In Mannerism we find the most aesthetically elaborate examples of satire that challenges destiny or God in relation to the evils that fall upon an impotent but insubstantial self before such sensitive questions of metaphysical morality, a satire whose classic style gives it an aesthetic dignity and textual model without exception. In this article, we will see the different paths of classic and Mannerist satire, using the works of poets such as Sá de Miranda, António Ferreira, Pêro de Andrade Caminha, André Falcão de Resende, and Fernão Rodrigues Lobo Soropita.     

活跃在农村的“莲花落（lào）”

莲花落是华北地区一项农民为庆祝丰收节庆的文化活动,它流传于沧州地区,尤以沧县、南皮县为盛,据查已有一百五十多年的历史。冬季农闲时排练,正月十五前后演出,以示人们辞旧迎新,庆祝丰收的喜悦心情。落子系秧歌类型的民间舞蹈,内容多是表现男女爱情和人民生活的。     

A relationship between equatorial lower stratospheric QBO and El Niño

Cycle-to-cycle evolution of zonal wind QBO is studied making use of meteorological balloon and M-100 rocket data at Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E) for a period of about 19 yr from 1971 to 1990. The height of occurrence of zonal wind QBO maxima is found to vary systematically from one cycle to the next. The successive QBO maxima (easterly or westerly) occur progressively at greater heights and, after reaching a particular height, the next maximum (easterly or westerly) occurs at a lower height. Thereafter, the upward progression of the successive maxima starts again. It is found that the upward progression of the QBO maxima is closely associated with the occurrence of an El Niño event. A simple physical mechanism is suggested for this relationship between the QBO and El Niño. It is hypothesized that if the vertical wavelength of the Kelvin and mixed Rossby-gravity (MRG) waves are smaller during an El Nino event, the observed upward progression of the QBO maxima can be explained.     

The Archaeology of El Niño Events and Other “Natural” Disasters

Archaeological research on disasters has increased substantially since Sheets's 1980 review of the topic, and with heightened media coverage and funding for the study of such events, archaeological interest will continue to grow. This paper examines how prehistorians have incorporated disasters into their research since 1980, using the literature on El Niño as an illustrative case, and assesses this work in relation to geographical approaches to disaster as well as concepts that have been developed within the new ecologies.     

Freedom Isn't Free: Free Will in La vida es sueño Revisited

This article analyzes the structural composition of the chicana/o novel …y no se lo tragó la tierra, by Tomás Rivera, a book that has become a collective point of reference for chicana/o culture and community. Its structure will be explained, including the importance of personal and collective memory as elements that evolve every chapter as a fragmentary part of a whole. The classical concept of "art of memory" joined to the rhetoric of discourse opens a new perspective to analyze this fragmentation and helps the reader to understand the connection of its elements. Finally, the idea of "theater of memory" may be applied to the novel's chicana/o universe as a dramatic device for structuring the narrator's personal memories, achieving a final literary composition similar to a memorable, collective altarpiece full of impressive images from this community's daily struggle in the 1960s.     

Sar-qoflī in the Customs and Laws of Modern Iran: The Emergence of Haqq-e Kasb o Pīshe o Tejārat and the Evolution of the Shop-lease Contract System

In the shop-lease contract with sar-qoflī, which is a widely practiced form of lease contract in today's Iran, a lessor of a shop sells to a hirer a right called sar-qoflī which amounts to almost as much as the entire value of the shop's ownership, while obtaining a monthly rent of only small value. This peculiar form of contract was brought into existence based on a new right called “haqq-e kasb o pīshe o tejārat,” that emerged as a result of the blending of traditional customary practice relating to real estate leasing with Anglo-American value concepts. The adoption of this right, causing as it did the lessor's responsibility for compensation for the value of the usufructuary right, drastically changed the relationship between lessors and hirers in Iran.     

“Shop-lease Contract with Sar-qofli” in the Post-Iranian Revolution Era: Deletion of “Haqq-e kasb o pisheh o tejārat” from the Law of Lessor–Lessee Relationships

In contemporary Iran, many shops are under the “shop-lease contract with sar-qofli.” In this contract, sar-qofli, a strong usufructuary right supported by intangible assets such as the shop's reputation, is given to the tenant. The “shop-lease contract with sar-qofli” originated from a traditional merchants' custom in Iran's business quarters. After the 1979 Revolution, the Law of Lessor–Lessee Relationships, which provides a legal framework for the practice of “shop-lease contract with sar-qofli,” was completely revised, since Islamic jurists regarded haqq-e kasb o pisheh o tejārat as problematic. Haqq-e kasb o pisheh o tejārat, the legal designation of sar-qofli, was based on a heterogeneous value concept introduced into the Iranian legal system from abroad during World War II. As a result of this revision, another alternative for asset management was granted to shop owners. Nevertheless, “shop-lease contract with sar-qofli” remains the most widely employed form of lease in Iran's property lease market.     

Birthing modernity: spatial discourses of cesarean birth in São Paulo,Brazil

In this article, we explore the ways that spatial discourses inform women’s birth experiences, focusing in particular on urban Brazilian women’s experience of caesarean section. In particular, we draw on interviews conducted in São Paulo with 22 women and five doctors in order to analyse the ways the discourses of modernity, development and nationalism are drawn on and themselves constituted in the way that women narrate their birth experiences. We also explore the meanings that are given to these terms in women’s narrations in order to address the cultural specificity of the way that these discourses play out in the Brazilian context. We argue that spatial referents concretize discourses of modernity, and are employed in mothers’ and doctors’ birth narratives in order to give meaning to birth experiences. In particular, we find that these discourses provide a means of interpreting birth experiences in a positive way and providing spatialized subject positions which confer status and value to both people and places. In exploring these themes, we seek to further understandings of the ways that narratives of place help to frame and give meaning to women’s reproductive lives.