Prehistoric nearshore and littoral fishing in the eastern Tropical Pacific: An ichthyological evaluation

Marine fish bones are abundant components of human food remains at prehistoric sites in the eastern Tropical Pacific. Their quantification and interpretation in terms of human procurement strategies have been hampered by the use of large-meshed sieves and by the obstacles presented to faunal experts by fish taxonomic diversity. Since many important food fish families are speciose, this paper emphasizes the importance of species-level identifications. Making extensive use of Spanish-language articles on fish distribution and ecology, and the commercial and artisanal fisheries literature, it identifies groups of nearshore and littoral fish species that show greater and lesser tolerance for hard substrates (reefs and rocks), estuaries and coastal lagoons, and deeper clearer waters farther offshore. Most of the regional archaeological sites were located near estuarine habitats. The drab-colored fish they attract are generally poorly known. Hence, a particularly detailed analysis is offered of fish behavior within low salinity coastal inlets. Fourteen archaeofaunal fish samples from Costa Rica, Panama, and Ecuador are evaluated in the light of the environmental information generated by the biological and fisheries surveys. It is concluded that most sites have a broadly estuarine orientation and that the input of hard substrates is everywhere <10%. Two sites, Salango, in Ecuador, and Vidor, in Costa Rica, exploited epipelagic fish that swim in large shoals and deep water demersal predators. Sites situated more than 10 km from the coast exploited a wide variety of marine fish. In Parita Bay, Panama, a comparison of fish faunas from Cerro Mangote (6000 B.P.) and Sitio Sierra (1800 B.P.) elicits the hypothesis that regional fishing strategies shifted between these dates from a shore-based, netless strategy to a more complex one that incorporated fine-meshed gill-nets and watercraft.     

Measuring ethnic belonging from within: The case of the Vuotso Saami

Finland anchors its legal definition of Saaminess in the bedrock of language ability either of oneself or of at least one of one's parents or grandparents. The Saami Nordic Council's Tromsø definition (1980) reech?s the official Finnish Statement (1973). Back in the villages, however, the grass‐roots Saami use other criteria when determining who is Saami, “blood”. This paper discusses the discrepancies between official government as well as ethnic political wing statements as to the components of Saami identity and those of foot‐soldier Saami in villages such as Vuotso, Finnish Lapland.     

青海东部绿色明珠 湟水谷地景观画廊——民和“一城两区”建设纪实

七月暑期,登临民和回族土族自治县北山,俯瞰湟水流域尽头,湟水蜿蜒旖旎,田畴万禾青黛,山野处处青翠,两岸绿意尽染。新区旧城依山水而建,各色建筑时尚现代,景观画廊凸显特色,商贸流通日益繁荣,观赏夜景霓虹闪烁处处不夜之城,品味山川尽显大美青海妩媚风光。这,就是青海东部绿色明珠,湟水谷地景观画廊——民和县城川口镇。     

密歇根湖的珍珠马车之岛麦基诺

麦基诺岛上,空气中弥漫着淡淡的马粪味.据说是由于此前马车车夫抱怨岛上的汽车令马匹受到惊吓,造成安全隐患,所以岛上开始禁止任何机动车辆行驶,马车便成为岛上仅存的交通运载工具.车夫们足蹬马靴,身着鲜亮的服装,手中挥舞着马鞭,驾驶着马车来来去去.     

Illegal fishing and Australian security

The security impact of illegal fishing is not well understood. Where illegal fishing is recognised as a security problem, the focus has been on fish as a natural resource, the depletion of which can have impacts on food security, individual livelihoods, and the economic survival of states relying on illegal fishing. We argue that a focus on fish as a natural resource obscures the other security challenges the crime of illegal fishing poses to Australia. As this paper explains, illegal fishing overlaps with drug, human, weapon and other contraband trafficking and smuggling; irregular maritime arrivals; and maritime piracy. In addition, like other easily transported, high value resources, illegal fish can fund insurgencies and other types of political violence. Understanding illegal fishing as a security challenge will improve Australia’s national security policy. First, it acknowledges fish as a vital natural resource, implicated in economic, ecological, and human security; second, it analyses how illegal fishing interlinks with other maritime crimes; third, it challenges the effectiveness of monitoring and enforcement of illegal fishing; fourth, it presents an opportunity for effective regional cooperation; and finally it highlights the benefits of regional cooperation in responding to illegal fishing.     

黑海明珠:索契

<正>在冬奥会之前,绝大多数人对索契的印象只有4个字——度假胜地。没错,正是索契具有美丽的风光景色和著名的滑雪胜地,使得上至俄罗斯总统、总理,下至平民百姓,都喜欢到这里来休息度假。我也被索契的美景深深的吸引着,终于在冬奥会开幕之前走进黑海之滨,一睹索契的"素颜"。     

The Neolithic of the eastern Baltic

This survey of the Baltic Neolithic, from Vistula to the Gulf of Finland, highlights the results of research during the last 30 years. The primary Baltic Neolithic is represented by two indigenous cultures, Narva and Nemunas. Their hunting, fishing, and gathering subsistence strategies gradually expanded to include domesticated plants and animals. The Comb-and-Pit Ornamented Pottery, Globular Amphora, Corded Ware, Bay Coast, and Boat-Axe cultures are also described. Within the Baltic Neolithic, I emphasize the origin, technology, economy, settlement, ritual, ethnic origins, and relationships among the various Neolithic populations. There is then a discussion of the origin of the Baltic linguistic group (Latvian, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian); this is associated with the appearance of the Late Neolithic Corded Ware culture, whose people integrated with local populations, leading to the development of the Bay Coast culture. Late Neolithic developments are associated with the Finno-Ugrian linguistic group in the northern Baltic.     

Pearl Millet and Kintampo Subsistence

Subsistence practices of the Kintampo cultural complex of sub-Saharan West Africa are now known to have included pearl millet cultivation, in addition to the utilization of tropical forest margin species such as oil palm. Charred plant remains recovered from the Birimi site, northern Ghana, suggest that the growing of pearl millet, possibly in uniform stands, was occurring amongst northerly Kintampo groups during the fourth millennium bp. The cultivation of this drought-tolerant crop facilitated the establishment of sedentary villages by providing a storable food resource enabling Kintampo people to survive the protracted dry season of the West African savanna.Nous savons maintenant que les pratiques de subsistance du complexe culturel Kintampo de l'Afrique de l'Ouest sub-saharien comprenaient la culture du mil à chandelle ainsi que l'utilisation d'espèces végétales qui poussaient en bordure de la forêt tropicale, comme le palmier à huile. Des restes de plantes carbonisé ont été récupérées du site du Birimi dans le Nord du Ghana; elles suggèrent que la pratique de la culture du mil à chandelle dont les plantations étaient peut-être déjà uniformes, se soit produite parmi les groupes Kintampo du Nord pendant le quatrième millénaire bp. La culture du mil à chandelle tolérait la sécheresse et avait ainsi facilité l'établissement de villages sédentaires car elle fournissait des ressources alimentaires entreposables. Cela permettait aux groupes Kintampo de survivre pendant la longue saison sèche de la savane de l'Afrique de l'Ouest.     

A Pearl of Tibetan Tourism

ＡＰｅａｒｌｏｆＴｉｂｅｔａｎＴｏｕｒｉｓｍＷＡＮＣＤＵＴｏｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓｑｕｅＮｏｒｂｕＬｉｎｇｋａ,ｔｈｅｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＤａｌａｉｐｕｒｐｌｅａｎｄｗｈｉｔｅｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ．ＩｔｉｓｔｈｅＬｈａｓａＴｉ...     

聚焦崛起中的珍珠城 女摄影家走进蚌埠摄影采风

<正>蚌埠是安徽省第一个建市的地级市,安徽省三大中心城市之一(另两个城市分别为合肥和芜湖)。蚌埠地处中国南北分界线,淮河穿城而过,临近凤阳、南京。由于古代盛产河蚌珍珠,从而得名"珠城"。蚌埠是淮河文化发祥地,悠久的人文历史,丰富的自然资     

The Potala Palace: A Pearl on the Plateau

Ｔｈｅ　Ｐｏｔａｌａ　Ｐａｌａｃｅ：　Ａ　Ｐｅａｒｌ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ＰｌａｔｅａｕＴｈｅＰｏｔａｌａＰａｌａｃｅ：ＡＰｅａｒｌｏｎｔｈｅＰｌａｔｅａｕ￥／／Ｂｕｉｌｔｉｎｔｈｅ７ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ,ｔｈｅＰｏｔａｌａＰａｌａｃｅｉｓｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ１...     

珍珠港事件与国民政府的外交对策

太平洋战争的爆发,使中国持续数年之久的对日孤军作战局面宣告结束。国民政府立即作出反应,当即向日、德、意正式宣战,并推动建立国际反法西斯军事同盟,加紧废除不平等条约及寻求中国的大国地位。事实表明,国民政府的对策是比较成功的,中国的国际地位也因此大为提高。然而,这些成功也是有限的,中国只是取得了名义上的大国地位,并没有成为真正的大国。     

哈密雅丹 全球雅丹地貌的皇冠

<正>中国是世界上雅丹地貌分布面积最广的国家之一,哈密发育了世界上最为壮观、类型丰富、分布集中、象形逼真的精品雅丹景观集群,堪称世界雅丹地貌博物馆。2015年1月新疆雅丹地貌被列入我国世界自然遗产预备清单。源自中国的地貌概念雅丹地貌是目前少有的源自中国的国际地貌学词汇,由斯文·赫定在20世纪初考察新疆罗布泊时用维吾尔语Yardang命名,意为"陡峻的土丘"。它是指分布于极端干旱区和干旱区盆地区域,以风力作用为主形成的沟槽、垄岗、城堡和残丘等形状的风蚀地貌。形成雅丹地貌的物质     

The decline of eastern Arabia in the Sasanian period

This paper lists and reviews the archaeological evidence for the Sasanian period in eastern Arabia (third–seventh centuries AD). Much of the published evidence is shown to be either erroneous or highly doubtful, leaving very little evidence that is reliable. It is argued that the paucity of evidence in comparison to the Hellenistic/Parthian period indicates that this was a time of marked and continuing decline in the number and size of settlements, the number of tombs and the amount of coinage in circulation, all of which probably result from a population that was both declining in size and participating less in the types of production and consumption that leave discoverable traces in the archaeological record. This is in contrast to the historical evidence, which, although patchy, is stronger for the Sasanian period than it is for the Hellenistic/Parthian period. The argument for decline challenges some generally accepted historical views of eastern Arabia at this time, which see the region as undergoing a notable period of growth. In conclusion, some brief consideration is given to the possible causes of the decline.     

Prehistoric population history in eastern Fennoscandia

In this article, prehistoric population history in eastern Fennoscandia is modelled using summed probability distributions of radiocarbon dates. In addition, radiocarbon date distribution is compared with other proxy data. Different proxies seem to produce similar distributions, which enhances the overall reliability of the pattern. The results indicate that there was a very pronounced peak in the hunter–gatherer population slightly after 4000 cal BC. This peak seems to be linked to increased environmental productivity. The subsequent population decline culminated just before the local appearance of farming economies in different sub-areas, which is an interesting result in the wider northern and central European context. Along with the adoption of agriculture, new population growth began in eastern Fennoscandia.