解析我国主体功能区划基本问题

对国土进行主体功能区划,是我国区域研究与区域开发的新进展,也是理论和实践的创新,有许多新问题需要去探索。研究从基本概念、基本思路、基本方法和实施机制应四个方面探讨了我国国土主体功能区划的基本问题,从而界定了主体功能区划的概念,提出了逐级分摊、层层汇总和相互校核三种划分思路,讨论了划分的层次和空间单元大小、定性与定量的关系、指标的选取、域值的确定等划分方法问题,总结了以经济发展质量为主题和以环境建设质量为主题的两套政府绩效评价体系和政策实施中的社会公平问题。     

当前县级土地利用总体规划存在问题探讨

在概括了当前县级土地利用总体规划的特点后,分析了其中存在的四个问题,然后提出了改进办法。     

对小城镇发展与规划中几个基本问题的诠释

首先从3个方面讨论了如何理性地看待小城镇发展的问题:城镇人口规模的扩大不是乡村城市化水平度量的唯一标准;小城镇发展应由追求外延式规模扩张逐步走向内涵式发展;小城镇及其乡村腹地发展战略的制订和论证应在小城镇规划中予以突出。继而提出小城镇规划的首要着眼点应是营建宜人的居住环境;认为小城镇规划的核心问题是如何突出个性而非盲目追求共性,并从小城镇景观形象的规划与设计、主导产业选择与小城镇发展模式的确立、规划的创新等方面探讨了突出规划个性的实践操作。最后,强调小城镇规划的最高目标应定位在如何推进城乡一体化战略上。     

REGIONAL PLANNING IN THE USSR

The theory and practice of drawing up and implementing regional plans, or “territorial plans,” as they are known in the Soviet Union, has been a matter of considerable debate in the Soviet literature, a debate that has been complicated by differences in terminology. The author discusses various Soviet definitions of “territorial planning” and points out disagreement concerning its nature and scope. The major forms of territorial planning as now practiced in the USSR are reviewed, and two forms in particular—regional economic planning and regional physical planning—are distinguished. It is concluded that territorial planning continues to have a somewhat uncertain status in the USSR, with inadequate official support, although the issue remains a matter of considerable interest to the leadership under the Gorbachev administration.     

旅游规划管治问题及其对策研究

在对管治、旅游规划管治、管治理念应用和旅游规划管治主体确立等一系列问题进行界定和讨论的基础上,对旅游管治主体如政府、开发商、规划单位、旅游规划评审、社区及管治对策存在的主要问题进行了分析。指出旅游开发商应公开参与项目的招投标管理、注意充分保障社区利益、切实按旅游规划方案建设。对旅游规划单位,应建立注册旅游规划师职业认证制度和旅游规划单位跟踪负责制度。对旅游规划评审机构,应完善评审组织结构、加强评审过程中的管治。对于社区,应完善社区教育体系、加强社区参与、实现社区利益公平分配。     

SOME THEORETICAL PROBLEMS IN GEOMORPHOLOGY

The author takes issue with a number of theoretical issues discussed in a recent book by Yu. G. Simonov, fellow Moscow University geomorphologist. A definition of the central problem in geomorphology as encompassing the interaction between endogenic and exogenic forces is said to leave out the role played by the landforms themselves in exerting an impact on those outside agents and, through them, on surface relief itself. Spiridonov favors a systems approach to geomorphology, but questions the suitability of the term “morphosystem” proposed by Simonov as a substitute for morphosculpture, signifying the impact of exogenic processes on landforms. Surface relief should be investigated as an open system, although some simplified situations, such as an enclosed drainage system, might be studied in terms of closed systems, making possible the use of mathematical techniques. The importance of the application of formal logic in geomorphic classification is stressed, and the use of synthetic parameters is favored for purposes of landform classification.     

日本城市规划中的公众参与

本文首先回顾、总结日本在20世纪50年代以后公众参与城市规划的发展历程以及社会环境、制度环境的变化,分析近年来公众参与城市规划的主要模式和特点,针对公众参与地区规划和城市总体规划这两种主要形式,深入分析、探讨组织框架、程序设计、制度建设等方面的特点和存在的问题。最后,阐述公众参与的开展对城市管理和城市规划体系的影响,总结日本公众参与城市规划的经验及其对中国的启示。     

城市规划中的社会公平性问题浅析

本文以可持续发展的观点,分析了在现代市场经济条件下城市规划中的社会公平性问题的表现形式;并通过建立分析模型,借助地理信息系统的空间分析功能对规划用地中的公平性问题进行了探讨性的分析研究;文中还就苏州工业园区为例,介绍了其规划中的公平性问题处理的成功经验,最后强调了城市规划中对规划公平问题重视的重要性。     

ON SPURIOUS CORRELATION IN GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS

In human and physical geography, researchers routinely calculate correlation coefficients between variables that are in a functional relationship with one another. At least part of the correlation between such variables is due to the functional relationship and is termed spurious correlation. Such correlation contributes practically nothing to the understanding of the phenomenon under investigation and a systematic method for its removal is desirable. This paper provides such a methodology for cases such as (A - B) and B, for any random variables A and B. The discussion is also extended to the linear regression model when the dependent variable is in a functional relationship with one or more of the independent variables. In this case, it is demonstrated that spurious correlation does not affect the parameter estimates or their standard errors. It could, however, distort the coefficient of determination substantially, giving the false impression with regards to the model's overall goodness-of-fit. In both correlation and regression, formulae for the calculation of spurious correlation are derived. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the formulae in practice. En géographie humaine et physique les chercheurs calculent souvent les coefficients de corrélation entre les variables qui sont dans une relation fonctionnelle. Au moins une partie de la corrélation entre de tels variables est le résultat de la relation fonctionnale qui s'appelle corrélation apocryphe. De telles corrélations ne contribuent pratiquement pas à la compréhension du phénomène étudié. On cherche done à“éliminer cette corrélation, et nous offrons ici une méthode pour l‘éliminer dans des cas tels que (A - B) et B, pour n'importe quel variable A et B. La discussion s'étend aussi au modèle de régression linéaire quand la variable dépendante est dans une relation fonctionnale avec un ou plus des variables indépendants. Dans ce cas, on a démontré que la corrélation apocryphe n'influe pas sur l'estimation des paramètres ou leurs erreurs-types. Elle peut, néanmoins, fausser dans une grande mesure le coefficient de détermination, ce qui donne une fausse impression quant à l'adéquation du modèle. Dans les deux corrélations et dans la régression, les formules pour le calcul des corrélations apocryphe sont dérivées. Nous avons indue des exemples pour démontrer l'application des formules en pratique.     

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE YEREVAN REGION

The articles describes the extent of environmental pollution in Greater Yerevan (pollution of air, water, and soil, noise pollution). Conflicts of nature management are revealed, the state of the environment is analyzed, and measures for resolving environmental protection are outlined. Among the interesting revelations are the fact that pollution from chloroprene rubber production in the city remains a major problem, in spite of the fact that production has switched from a calcium carbide-based to a butadiene-based technology and that nearly half of the basin's rayons (5 of 11) are reported to lack wastewater treatment facilities. Translated by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC 20005 from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1990, No. 1, pp. 55-65.     

旅游规划与人文关怀浅析

追溯旅游规划的历史沿革可以看到人关怀在不同时期所得到的重视程度。现代旅游规划顺应了当今世界发展的主题和趋势,更加注重“人关怀”的运用。但“人关怀”在旅游规划中的运用必须以“环境和谐论”为指导思想,通过一些具体方法和手段来体现对人类自身的关爱。通过旅游过程,使得主客双方共同理解什么是“真”、“善”、“美”;如何珍惜自然资源,融入自然环境,与之和谐相处;游客通过旅游而在精神、审美、知识等等价值观上的得到升华。