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1.
    
Under Japan's colonization of Ainu Lands (Hokkaido, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin), the Ainu were disconnected from their lands by relocations and deprived of their language and culture by regulations. In 1899, the Hokkaido Former Aborigines Protection Act came into force to finalize the assimilation of the Ainu into Japanese society. In 1997, as a result of Ainu efforts to scrap the assimilation policies, the Ainu Culture Promotion Act (CPA) replaced the Act of 1899. The CPA was expected to emancipate the Ainu from the sufferings caused by the assimilation policies, and yet it stipulated neither Ainu indigeneity nor their linguistic and cultural rights. It is still in effect even after the 2008 official recognition of the Ainu as an indigenous people in the northern part of Japan by the Government of Japan. This article attempts to examine Japan's past and present policies towards the Ainu language and culture in the international context for the revitalization of the Ainu language and culture as the Ainu desire. In order to do this, it first outlines the assimilation policies, and then traces the Ainu struggle for survival as a people. It also discusses the CPA and the Final Report written by the Advisory Committee for Future Ainu Policy, which both form the basis of Japan's present Ainu policies. Finally, in order to explore the revitalization of the Ainu language and culture, how the North Fennoscandian Sami policies have advanced is surveyed.  相似文献   

2.
抗战初期,我国沿海沿江地区民族工业大举内迁,起于1937年八一三抗战,到1940年夏基本结束,在后方形成八个新工业区。沿海沿江地区的民族工业大举内迁,建设后方工业基地,写下了抗战史上悲壮而光辉的一页。  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

This essay considers the state of American conservatism focusing initially on social and political institutions and concluding with a few comments on conservatism as an intellectual movement. A paradox is described as lying at the heart of American conservatism: the economic policies supported by conservatives promote economic conditions that are the main causes of the social problems conservatives lament most loudly.  相似文献   

4.
In 2013, the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health commissioned a testimony-driven inquiry into failings in child welfare in 1937–1983. An academic research team was appointed to produce data on maltreatment (knowledge production), to identify and recognize injustice (moral objective), and to recommend improvents in child welfare services (developmental objective). This article discusses the Inquiry and scrutinizes the strengths and weaknesses of the model applied. Two aspects emerged to suggest that commissioned research is susceptible. First, among care-leavers, the Inquiry raised a variety of expectations, which the report and subsequent apology ceremony were able to meet only partially. Second, as ad hoc teams were commissioned to draft recommendations with no political mandate, it is unclear who monitors whether recommendations are acted upon or not. However, the commissioned research had strengths in its knowledge production as well as in its political neutrality.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The Early Metal Period (1800 cal BC–AD 300) of the Finnish inland regions is characterized by a scarcity of archaeological remains. Its latest stages, in particular, have proved to be difficult to interpret. This paper discusses the continuity of settlement in the Early Metal Period as indicated by archaeological survey and pollen-analytical data. The study area is situated in Repovesi National Park in southeastern Finland. The pollen analysis was constructed from a sediment sequence taken from Lake Katajajärvi. The archaeological survey data from Repovesi National Park supports earlier hypotheses of the small number of Early Metal Period sites. In the pollen data, the first anthropogenic impact is recorded from about 2600 BC onwards, with weak signs of cultivation around 2370 BC. From around 1900 BC onwards a clear change in tree, shrub and herb pollen percentages indicates anthropogenic impact, possibly grazing, in the area. The pollen-analytical results also revealed a cultivation period of about 900 years at the end of the Early Metal Period, providing proof of continuity in settlement during a period characterized by a scarcity of archaeological material. A new beginning of cultivation from cal AD 1160 to 1250 onwards can be considered as indicating population growth, developing settlements and the colonization of new areas. The results from Repovesi are challenging from an archaeological point of view, because they represent slash-and-burn cultivation that appears to have been practised in total wilderness conditions. Comparison of the Lake Katajajärvi results with other areas raises new questions that call for a discussion of early slash-and-burn cultivation in new perspective.  相似文献   

6.
刘爱军 《攀登》2005,24(6):94-97
改革开放以来,中国农民的政治参与意识与日俱增,并逐渐形成了制度化、非制度化及冷漠型等三种政治参与心理。形成这些心理的原因有经济困境与利益追求博弈、城乡二元结构的体制阻碍、传统政治文化的消极影响等。优化当前中国农民政治参与心理,必须发展农村经济、改善农民奈件;建立健全和完善农民政治参与制度;发展农村教育事业,提高农民文化素质。  相似文献   

7.
“新工艺运动”说辨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
郑工 《东南文化》2001,(9):48-53
1875~1910年间新工艺运动的发展可分为两个阶段,新工艺运动如何从中国化内部寻找现代美术的变革途径,并从非主流的工艺技术层面开辟对内和对外交换的资源系统,在一定程度上动摇了中国传统美术的化价值观。  相似文献   

8.
《四库全书总目》(以下简称《总目》)作为体现清代官方文化思想的大型丛书,在“小说家类”的提要编撰中集中反映了清人传统的小说观。清人小说观的形成有着多方面的原因,作为清代官方丛书,《总目》对小说观有着一定的历史贡献。  相似文献   

9.
    
The political public sphere is at one and the same time both public, and private and religion operates in both the public and the private spheres in the modern way of life. This article approaches the dynamics between the cultural and the political public sphere from the point of view of religion; how the cultural intelligentsia developed its worldview fuelled with attitudes towards religion in times of political turmoil. The case study, based on the empirical analysis of cultural periodicals and societies around them, concerns the Finnish liberal intelligentsia in the early twentieth century. The first decade of the 1900s was a particularly important period of formation for the Finnish public sphere; the societal turmoil highlighted the importance of cultural periodicals in defining what was important for the national public sphere. The case of religion is an illustrative example of it, particularly from the point of view of the liberal intelligentsia of the era.  相似文献   

10.
This essay is a general introduction to the special number on recent research on Atlantic history. While the topics here presented are diverse, most focusing on the first French Empire, particularly in North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the authors share several common themes: (1) In Africa and the Americas, they seek to view the question of the Empire as a series of contested, temporary, and uncertain alliances and collaborations, in which negotiation rather than submission was most often the basis of power relations; (2) In the realm of political economy in theory and practice, the authors refuse pre-established notions of an Atlantic “community” of commodities and merchants functioning within an Atlantic “system.” Instead, they focus on closed networks of merchants functioning within the dynamics of merchant capitalism. (3) The authors seek alternatives to traditional approaches focusing on the nation-state and its institutions. Instead, they examine communities and regions in the Atlantic that include social elites, such as, merchants, the nobility, the gentry, and intellectuals, as well as neglected native peoples and forgotten spaces such as Africa.  相似文献   

11.
周骋 《史学月刊》2001,(6):40-43
楚国初封地,向以为在河南淅川。然考之于周初事迹,此地与周公奔楚不甚合。据一些学者的指认,在浙川西北的商县一带确有叫荆山或楚山的地方,或为楚族最初的聚居地,周公的奔楚、封楚,与楚国最后的南迁,似存在一条暗线,或许能得到认识楚初封地望及南迁原由的新视野。  相似文献   

12.
中唐以后的史家开始重视史学褒贬人事、惩恶劝善的宗旨,编年体史书由此中兴,历史上的二体优劣之争再起。及至北宋,孙甫强调编年体具有体正、文简的优点。体正,指编年体便于立褒贬以惩劝,同时起源较早,与儒家经典关系密切;文简则是指编年体史文简约。孙甫的观点得到宋代多数论者的响应。同时,宋代史学考察重心由人到事的转移,也对编年体史书占据史学主流地位推波助澜。以上因素最终导致了编年体史书空前繁荣的局面。  相似文献   

13.
The Soviet Union had tied Finland to its security system through the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (FCMA) signed between the two in 1948. As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate at the end of the 1980s, Finland exited the Soviet sphere of influence – the region controlled through a system of bilateral and multilateral agreements. This article analyses the Soviet–Finnish negotiations to discard the FCMA treaty as a case study of the changing Soviet European neighbourhood policy. It gives important insights into the disintegration of the Soviet foreign policy mechanism during the Gorbachev era as it elaborates on both the intra-bureaucracy conflicts between the Kremlin and the Soviet foreign ministry, MID, and later between the Soviet central government and the Russian republic. As Finland was part of the Soviet security system, analysing Finland's exit from it sheds light onto the crucial change that took place in the Soviet foreign policy doctrine during the perestroika years. The Gorbachev leadership's decision not to defend its sphere of influence with force paved way for the upheavals of 1989 which led to the Cold War's end.  相似文献   

14.
王齐 《南方文物》2014,(1):151-155
本文以《夏鼐日记》为文本依据,围绕夏鼐先生在从事考古学研究半个世纪中走过的不同地点,交往的不同人物,梳理了夏先生在考古学门内的人生轨迹,旨在理解生于忧患的有良知的一代知识分子"学术建国"的理想。  相似文献   

15.
胡进驻 《华夏考古》2020,(1):65-73,122
周人在战国以前没有毁庙制度,坚持践行宗庙都宫制.天子七庙制度可能是战国以降才逐渐确立的.两周姬姓诸侯多以所出之周王为庙尊太祖.  相似文献   

16.
试论建国初期的技术革新运动   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
新中国成立初期,为了改变经济基础薄弱、技术落后的状况,实现社会主义工业化,在全国范围内开展了技术革新运动。在中国共产党的领导下,通过学习国外的先进技术与经验,大力加强技术教育和文化教育,确保了“一五”计划的顺利实施,为我国实现社会主义工业化奠定了初步基础,培养了大量技术人才,激发了人民群众的创造智慧和革新精神。  相似文献   

17.
    
In this article I address the complex processes of transformation taking place due to industrial mineral extraction in the Ecuadorian Amazon through a focus on state and company led practices of redistribution, social investment and compensation. The analysis of three empirical examples related to the Mirador industrial mining project is viewed in relation to a more extensive assembling of a mining surface. I introduce the concept ‘surfacing’ to refer to discursive and material practices that state and corporate actors make use of to manage, facilitate and enact a redistributive economic policy, and at the same time produce value in and for the global capitalist market. A main argument is that these practices make certain socio-natural relations visible to the project of large-scale mining while obscuring affected peoples' ‘place-based life projects’. Restricted by neo-extractivist modes of recognition, of ‘seeing’ and ‘not-seeing’, indigenous Shuar, and mestizo livestock peasants, colonos, respond to mining intervention based on their differentiated engagements and trajectories with the Amazonian landscape and ecology. The paper is an intent to understand geosocial transformations and the differentiated practices of non-recognition while analyzing these responses.  相似文献   

18.
新中国区际粮食流通的三次变化及其原因分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
新中国50多年间,粮食流通经历了计划调拨到市场调节的变化过程。在这一变化过程中,粮食流向流量发生了由南粮北调到北粮南运到北出南进乃至南北同出三次历史性变化。通过对这一过程和相关因素的分析可以看出,这三次重大的历史变化既是中国区域经济在市场化主导下非均衡发展的结果,同时,它又将对区域经济和国民经济、世界经济的进一步发展和调整产生重大的影响。  相似文献   

19.
王光银 《史学集刊》2006,2(3):54-61
在大革命时期,中国共产党对武装斗争及革命军队在中国革命中的作用等一系列重要军事理论问题进行了大量的探索;通过黄埔军校、国民革命军、国民军、苏联以及工农运动等多种途径与方式,培养和储备了一大批军政人才;通过东征、北伐等一系列的军事行动,积累了丰富的军队管理和指挥的实际经验。这些从军事理论、军事人才以及军事实践上为党在大革命失败后立即创建人民军队、独立开展人民革命战争打下了基础。因此,大革命时期是党创建人民军队的重要准备阶段。大革命时期的军事运动是中国共产党武装斗争史的发端,它对人民军队的创建,对土地革命战争、抗日战争、解放战争都产生了深远影响,有力地推动了中国革命胜利的进程。  相似文献   

20.
繁昌汤家山西周墓是一座高等级的吴国墓葬。通过对长江下游西周至春秋时期吴国墓葬的等级规模和出土青铜器的比较研究,汤家山西周墓与丹徒烟墩山、荞麦山西周墓和北山顶、青龙山春秋墓属同一等级的墓葬,皆为吴王之墓;根据汤家山西周墓主身份和墓地位置推测,《左传》记载的"鸠兹"应为西周晚期的吴国都城。  相似文献   

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