中国现代地图的开山之作——《中国分省新图》

《中国分省新图》的出版是中国地图发展史上的一个里程碑,作为中国地图制作的技术革命,它推动了中国近代地理科学的发展,同时作为一个特殊时代的历史产物,它又是一本活生生的爱国主义教材,对于激发人们的爱国主义情感产生了积极的影响。     

从空间认知看中国古代图画地图的流行

图画地图在中国古代占据重要地位,即便是在16世纪末到20世纪初西方近代测图技术逐步传入中国的三百余年里,这一局面也未发生明显改变。这就使“中国古代图画地图缘何能够长期流行”成为中国地图学史和测绘史必须回答的问题。地图作为空间认知的重要工具和外化形式,其具体形态与人类的空间认知方式以及与之匹配的表达需求密切相关。中国古代图画地图的流行既是由古人“视场”式地理空间认知方式决定的,也与中国人对宇宙自然空间、政治文化空间、精神记忆空间等多维度空间的认知表达紧密关联。需要以跨学科的方法、多元的视角重新审视中国古代图画地图在学术研究和应用研究方面的价值。     

中国儒学与欧洲启蒙思想

中国古代文化对于世界文明的贡献,不是只有“四大发明”,以“四书”、“五经”为代表的政治文化,对于人类近代文明也有过积极的贡献。明清之际,中国的主体文化一儒学一程朱理学,在欧洲曾经形成过100年的中国文化热,儒家思想与意大利文艺复兴以来所形成的欧洲新思想相结合,成为欧洲近代历史发展的主导精神一启蒙思想的一个重要渊源。法国启蒙运动的领袖伏尔泰是中国儒学在欧洲最有力的鼓吹者．他和他的“百科全书派”把中国儒学作为反对神权统治下欧洲君主政治的思想武器;程朱理学一新儒学,成为德国哲学家菜布尼茨创立欧洲实践哲学的依据,并用以反对罗马教廷的启示神学;被称为“欧洲孔子”的魁奈,以儒学为依据,开创了近代欧洲政治经济学的新纪元,为英国古典政治经济学的形成与发展奠定了理论基础。     

社会变迁视野下的中国近代地图绘制转型研究

近代中国地图绘制转型不仅是绘制技术、印刷和出版技术的转型,而且是近代社会变迁的一部分,受到众多方面社会变迁的影响.可以说,中国地图绘制的转型是近代社会变迁的一扇窗户,一方面,可以透过这扇窗户看到整个社会正在发生的众多变迁;另一方面,只有理解了社会正在发生的众多变迁,才能更为透彻地理解映射在窗户上各种光影的变化.从社会变迁视角分析近代地图绘制转型,也是地图史料价值的展现.     

《广舆记》与卫匡国《中国新图志》城址经纬度推定过程研究

近代欧洲刊行的第一部中国分省地图集《中国新图志》(Novus Atlas Sinensis)1655年在阿姆斯特丹出版,对当时欧洲人对中国的认知产生重大影响。《中国新图志》的地图与图说主要是由耶稣会士卫匡国(Martino Martini)基于返欧时随身携带的《广舆记》编制的。通过解读现存于梵蒂冈图书馆的《广舆记》“工作本”上的卫匡国亲笔批注,结合适当推理,可以尝试重构卫匡国在工作本分省图上推定城址经纬度的方法与过程。卫匡国仅以极少量控制点的实测或预设经纬度值为基础,为其余一千七百多个城址做了经纬度赋值,这是其制图的核心步骤。虽不具备充分“准确性”,却成功地将中文分省舆图有效地转化成符合当时欧洲制图业标准的西式地图集。     

古地图 中国的印迹——中国古地图：飘逝的东方

通常来说,中国清代以前绘制的地图被称为“古地图”,其绘制普遍采用和中国山水画一脉相承的形象画法,多方位透视和主观示意者众,特别讲求与大量文字注记相配合……为何中国古典地图与现代地图差异如此之大,曾以不科学之名被全面放弃的中国古典地图绘制方法,对现今这个“地图数字化”的新变革时代,能否产生一些崭新的启示？本文是一篇对中国古地图的价值进行历史和文化双重思考的文章。     

中国古地图飘逝的东方

通常来说,中国清代以前绘制的地图被称为古地图,其绘制普遍采用和中国山水画一脉相承的形象画法, 多方位透视和主观示意者众,特别讲求与大量文字注记相配合……为何中国古典地图与现代地图差异如此之大, 曾以不科学之名被全面放弃的中国古典地图绘制方法, 对现今这个地图数字化的新变革时代,能否产生一些崭新的启示? 本文是一篇对中国古地图的价值进行历史和文化双重思考的文章。     

欧洲文艺复兴时期与中国明清时期地图学史三题

戴维·伍德沃德主编的《地图学史》第3卷《欧洲文艺复兴时期的地图学史》对欧洲文艺复兴时期地图的定义、发展模式、转型模式、社会背景、科学性、社会功能,以及地图在当时欧洲知识体系中的位置等问题进行了讨论,并分地区对南欧、德意志地区、低地国家、法国、英格兰、爱尔兰、苏格兰、斯堪的纳维亚、东-中欧、俄罗斯等地的地图学史进行了叙述。该卷所展现的文艺复兴时期欧洲地图学面貌,对比同时代的中国明清时期地图学状况,可以发现地图所呈现的地理知识的形成与层次、地图绘制与使用的群体和制图技术发展的不同步性等值得关注的问题。     

中国首家石印地图出版机构武昌亚新地学社

我国是世界上最早发明地图的国家。而采用近代印刷技术印制的石印地图,最早是出现在武汉。而且,我国最早设立的石印地图出版机构,也出现在武汉。不言而喻,武汉是我国石印地图出版企业的开创之地。     

近代天津九国租界边界考

天津作为近代中国北方最重要的通商口岸,同时也是近代中国拥有专管租界数量最多的城市,于1860至1902年间先后设立了九个国家的租界。各国租界或历经多次扩张,或与相邻租界间重新协商划定边界,或发生租界兼并,边界几经变化,影响了近代天津的城市空间格局。在诸多历史地图和文献中,关于天津九国租界的边界缺乏统一的描绘,乃至错误颇多。本文对近代天津相关历史文献与历史地图进行考证,以期得出较为准确的近代天津租界边界地图。     

China’s geographical position in Europeans’ hierarchical imagination: A study on maps of Europeans from the perspective of intellectual history

Maps act not only as the carrier of the geographical information but also as the symbolic expression of particular cultural and political concepts, by which we can understand those people’s knowledge about themselves as well as about others. The maps drawn by the Europeans from the 16th to the 18th centuries vividly express the self-centeredness of the Europeans influenced by both the Christian and modern civilization concepts, and the maps also expressed their comments on the other parts of the world in such a mentality. Some characteristic maps and illustrations in the atlas of European history demonstrated how the Europeans formed and expressed their hierarchical perspective of the world geography. The position of China in the hierarchical world is one of the most important expressions of the European concept of China, and well served the purpose of our reflection on the cultural intercommunion.     

欧洲人等级制世界地理观下的中国——兼论地图的思想史意义

Maps act not only as the carrier of the geographical information but also as the symbolic expression of particular cultural and political concepts, by which we can understand those people’s knowledge about themselves as well as about others. The maps drawn by the Europeans from the 16^th to the 18^th centuries vividly express the self-centeredness of the Europeans influenced by both the Christian and modern civilization concepts, and the maps also expressed their comments on the other parts of the world in such a mentality. Some characteristic maps and illustrations in the atlas of European history demonstrated how the Europeans formed and expressed their hierarchical perspective of the world geography. The position of China in the hierarchical world is one of the most important expressions of the European concept of China, and well served the purpose of our reflection on the cultural intercommunion. Translated by Deng Hegang from Zhongguo Shehui Kexue 中国社会科学 (Social Sciences in China), 2007, (2): 188–203     

20世纪上半叶中国“人文地理学”与“人生地理学”内涵演变研究

当今学界对于我国地理学发展史上“人文地理学”与“人生地理学”二者的内涵界定和关系阐述并不完全准确。通过对20世纪上半叶地理学科文献的解读,可以发现二者存在三个阶段的演化:第一阶段,为传统方志地学与近代人文地理学交汇下萌发,以分类呈现人文事象为主的“人文地理学”;第二阶段,为批判方志传统,主张以人地关系论为核心,并在法国学派思想影响下产生的“人生地理学”;第三阶段,为批判人地关系论,在景观论与辩证唯物主义理论相结合的背景下提出的“人文地理学”。在三个不同阶段,“Human Geography”一词未曾改变,但在中国代表的内涵迥异,相互之间存在部分的继承,但更多的是通过批判而形成的思想演化。其根源在于西方近代地理学思想传入中国后,与中国地方的学术环境及时代背景产生交融,继而形成内涵各异的学术思想变体。     

基于机器学习和图像形态学的彩色近代地图数字化——以近代上海地区地表水体信息提取为例

利用科学测绘技术绘制的近代地图作为一类珍贵的历史地理资料,不同程度上反映着过去的地表覆盖情况,数字化则是复原地图所载地表覆盖信息的重要途径。以《华东·上海》地图为例,实现并验证一种基于机器学习和图像形态学的彩色近代地图数字化方法。结果表明,该方法能够充分挖掘地图中的颜色信息和形态结构信息,以半自动方式快速准确地将彩色近代地图中的地表水体信息提取出来。该方法对数字化一类彩色近代地图具有参考价值,有望为精准复原近代以来地表覆盖变迁,深入理解人地关系变化提供数据和方法基础。     

The Agote Map of Hainan Island,China: A Case Study for Cultural Dialogue in Eighteenth-Century Cartography

The idea of cartography as an example of Western imposition or process of cultural transfer is one that has long fascinated scholars interested in the margins of empires. This article analyses the maps in the possession of Manuel Agote, a Spanish factor in Canton at the end of the eighteenth century. The focus is on the use made by Agote of a Chinese map of Hainan, together with the European maps available already in China for commercial interests, and the way this reflects the cultural dialogue that was operating among local and foreign cartographers engaged in similar European mapping activities in the region.     

Illustrating spatial policies in Europe

The visualisation of spatial policy options through maps and other cartographic illustrations can be very powerful both in the planning process and in communicating the key messages of planning strategies. However, experience from the ‘European Spatial Development Perspective’ (ESDP) shows that visualisation can also be the most difficult aspect in transnational spatial planning processes. This paper explores the potential role of policy maps in communicating spatial policy, and the progress made so far in visualising spatial policies in European spatial planning. It suggests possible reasons for the difficulties on reaching agreement on the form and content of planning policy maps at EU and transnational levels. The paper goes on to discuss theories that might assist in improving performance in the use of cartographic visualisations in European spatial planning. The article concludes by highlighting the need for further research on the communicative potential of cartographic visualisations in European spatial planning.     

THE PRESENT STATE AND TASKS OF COMPLEX MAPPING IN THE USSR

Recent developments in the Soviet Union's program of national thematic mapping and regional complex mapping are reviewed. A comprehensive mapping program along these lines, formulated in 1969 by GUGK, the government planning agency, has not been implemented. National thematic maps in the Soviet Union continue to be compiled by individual government agencies without coordination and without uniformity in legend and design, so that comparability is made difficult. The only thematic GUGK maps now being prepared are concerned with two long-term regional development programs in the Soviet Union–the rural development plan for the Nonchernozem zone of the European RSFSR and the construction of the Baykal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railroad in the Soviet Far East. The need for a comprehensive and coordinated program of national thematic maps and regional atlases or map series is once again stressed in connection with economic planning and environmental problems, and a program of continuously updated regional atlases, based on digital data banks, is proposed. Suggestions are also made for the coordination of thematic maps at the international level.     

Mapping a New Kind of European Boundary: The Language Border between Modern France and Germany

ABSTRACT

During the nineteenth century, Europeans became fascinated with the idea of locating and mapping the borders between their languages. The barrier of language offered a new way of seeing, dividing and organizing European land according to cultural differences. The cartographic techniques that Europeans invented to map their language borders involved a combination of linguistic surveys, on-site observations and collaboration with locals. Once printed, language maps found a broad public audience and helped to structure debates over cultural identity in European borderlands. This article explores the nationalist and regionalist motivations behind linguistic map making along the French-German border, one of the most disputed in modern European history.     

The China Maps of Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville: Origins and Supporting Networks

Abstract

By 1735, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville had produced forty-one maps of the Qing Empire, or China, a process significantly more complex than scholars have hitherto appreciated. A close study of d’Anville’s maps and their originals has revealed their relationship with the different versions of a Chinese atlas, the first of which was completed early in 1718, the outcome of nearly a decade of collaborative surveying between officials of the Qing Empire and European missionaries. The precise origins of some of the maps are identified for the first time, and the network behind the remarkable intercontinental exchange of cartographical material that allowed d’Anville to produce his China maps is also discussed, thereby illustrating the central role of the French Jesuits, as well as the connection with St Petersburg.     

Mapping the Nation for War: Landscape in Danish Military Cartography 1800–2000

The focus in this article is on the way the post eighteenth-century cartographic turn in military practices developed into a particular military perception of landscape that continues to set the standard of Danish topographical mapping. My argument is that the development of modern topographical maps is the result of a long process of military comprehension and measurement of the terrain in order to conduct field operations. The demand for spatial data for actual or potential military operations had a direct impact on the specifications of maps produced by the military, as landscape representation was adapted to meet operational demands and as lessons learned from war experience were incorporated. In this and other respects, the development of Danish topographical maps in and after the nineteenth century followed the general trend of European military mapping as regards methods and standards.