关于近代史上教会内地置产协定

第二次鸦片战争后,以法国为代表的天主教会势力凭借不平等条约中的内地置产协定而引起的教案交涉屡见不鲜。这一显著特点,连天主教会编的《契卷汇式》也不得不承认:“历观公庭案牍,每多田宅争讼。”近代清政府与法国关于教会在中国内地置产的协定先后有三个,分别为咸丰十年(1860年)《北京条约》(中文本)第六款,同治四年(1865年)柏尔德密协定,光绪二十一年(1895年)内地置产协定。本文拟据有关档案史料,对上述三个协定的由来及交涉经过作一简要考察,期能进一步认识近代教案之起因。     

论废止中比不平等条约——兼评北洋政府的修约外交

中比《通商条约》及《通商章程:海关税则》(以下简称《中比条约》)是腐朽昏聩的清政府签署的一系列不平等条约之一。第二次鸦片战争硝烟未尽,各国纷纷强索特权,比利时也趁火打劫。《中比条约》于一八六五年十一月二日在北京签字。谈约使比利时轻而易举地获得了领事裁判权、协议关税权,设立租界权、片面最惠国待遇等一系列殖民特权。条约规定十年满期,但每     

《北京条约》第六款中法文本之辨析——兼论巴黎外方传教会广东地契文书

正雍正二年(1724),清政府颁令禁止天主教之后,明清之际活跃的天主教传教活动逐渐转入"地下"。在清方档案里,天主教被称为"西洋教""洋教""邪教",其事迹混杂于中国民间秘密宗教的教案中,传教士重新公开进入中国本土则要到鸦片战争之后。~(1)1842年《南京条约》规定传教士可以在广州、福州、厦门、宁波、上海等五口通商口岸活动,1860年中法《北京条约》规定传教士可以进入内地,从此天主教、新教(以下同时称呼时作"基督教")开始了在中国传     

清政府如何颁发护照

近代老外在中国旅游,始于150年前。1858年,第二次鸦片战争后,签订《天津条约》,规定外国人"准听执照前往内地各处游历通商"。     

中法《重庆协议》与西、南沙群岛问题

西、南沙群岛是中国领土的一部分,越南对中国西、南沙群岛提出主权要求,并“寻找”了各种理由,其中之一是“中法《重庆协议》把在西沙和南沙的受降权交给了法国人”。但考察中法《重庆协议》后可知,该协议根本没有涉及到西、南沙群岛。     

国际民事诉讼中协议管辖制度的历史探析

历史上,协议管辖一直被视为是对公共秩序的一种否定,有损司法的权威性。直到20世纪中期,协议管辖以判例的形式在英美法系确立;大陆法系国家及中国也在相关法律法规中承认协议管辖的效力。2005年《选择法院协议公约》的产生标志着第一项全球性的涉及协议管辖的国际公约最终得以诞生,其对解决国际民事管辖权冲突有着深远的意义。     

清代吉林、盛京围场开放述略

清代东北围场开放问题,是清代东北史研究中久未问津的一个题目。本文拟就吉林围场、盛京围场开放过程及与此有关问题,作些初步探讨。 一、道咸以来东北地区所面临的危机 一八四○年鸦片战争后,中国逐渐成为列强瓜分的对象。十九世纪末二十世纪初我国内地与边疆普遍出现危机。东北地区界临日俄,一八六一年营口开港,外国势力伸入东北地区。《瑗珲条约》、《北京条约》     

清末至民国时期的西藏邮政

一、清末民初的西藏邮政１８４０年鸦片战争到中华人民共和国成立之前的中国社会是一个半封建半殖民地的社会。帝国主义列强侵入,国家的独立和主权逐步丧失,政治和经济都受到侵略势力的控制,邮政,作为国家主权的重要组成部分,必然在其控制范围之内,就连远离内地的西藏也不例外。光绪年间,印度与中国西藏地区早已在英国人的控制之下。１８９３年１０月２８日,中英签订《中英通商条约》;１９０４年７月２８日,签订《英藏条约》;１９０６年４月４日,签订《藏印条约》;１９１８年４月２日续订《藏印条约》,修订了《藏印通商章程》…     

太平洋战争时期中央关于香港问题的交涉

香港地区(包括香港岛、九龙及新界)是中国领土不可分割的一部分。但19世纪,英国通过发动两次鸦片战争和外交强制手段,先后迫使清政府签订中英《江宁条约》(南京条约,1842年)、中英《续增条约》(北京条约,1860年)和中英《展拓香港界址专条》,割     

中日关系新的历史时期

一九七八年是一个重大年代,特别是中国活跃于世界舞台的重大年代。就在八月十二日,中国和日本在北京缔结了《中日和平友好条约》,紧接着华国锋主席访问了罗马尼亚、南斯拉夫和伊朗三国。这两件事都对当前的国际局势起着重大的影响。《中日和平友好条约》的     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the