PERCEIVING COMMUNITIES: EXCHANGE, LANDSCAPES AND SOCIAL NETWORKS IN THE LATER IRON AGE OF WESTERN BRITAIN

Summary.   In recent years British Iron Age studies have focused on regionality whilst critiquing the hierarchical model of Iron Age society. Despite the success of these approaches there has been little detailed replacement of previous social models with an understanding of how Iron Age societies worked. Looking at the later Iron Age of western Britain this paper combines examination of the exchange of material culture alongside study of the landscape to explore the nature of Iron Age communities. It is argued that Iron Age societies in the region used material culture to construct and maintain social relationships, while using visual landscape references allowed groups to engage in larger perceived communities.     

THE AUTHENTICITY OF FIGURINES,ANIMALS AND POTTERY FACSIMILES OF BRONZES IN THE HUI HSIEN STYLE

For some 15 years the authenticity of a group of small pottery pieces, claimed to have originated in the Hui Hsien area of China, has been the subject of academic discussion and some dissension. The thermolumines-cent dating of 22 such pieces from 4 independent collections is reported following a review of archaeological evidence for the origin of the material and of scientific investigations that have previously been made in investigation of its authenticity. It is concluded that all the pieces are of modern origin and not some 2300 years old as their stylistic forms might suggest.     

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL POLICY: ROLES OF THE APPLIED RESEARCHER*

Research on policy impact has increasingly focused on the practical application of social science research. This paper outlines four roles—substantive expert, information processor, change agent, and scholar—which have helped to increase the potential usefulness of our research while maintaining linkages to the academic community. This paper suggests the general nature of these roles and suggests specific implementation strategies, which need to be pursued as an early and continuing aspect of the research enterprise. Balancing these multiple roles presents several analytical and ethical difficulties, but helps to establish credibility in both the scientific and policymaking communities.     

THE SUPPLY-DRIVEN INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL: A NEW INTERPRETATION BUT STILL IMPLAUSIBLE

ABSTRACT. In this reply, I argue that the production function proposed by Gruver provides a theoretical foundation for the supply model only in a most trivial case. He proposes a more general alternative which is, however, still very implausible. Furthermore, against Rose and Allison, I argue that small input-coefficient changes provide an insufficient excuse for using the supply model for impact studies, and I show that employment estimates may be quite different depending on the approach used.     

MATERIAL SYMBOLS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL CHANGE

Changes in economic patterns, such as in subsistence practices, settlement organization, and trade, are accompanied by changes in people's view of their world and their place in it. In contexts for which the economic bases and social configurations are fairly well understood, it should be possible to identify and interpret changes in symbolic systems. The case presented involves transformations in the character and decoration of ceramic vessels of the European Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. This line of inquiry can provide insight into shifts in attitudes and perceptions that came about as the result of newly developing economic and political configurations.     

A SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF THE GLOBAL INTERACTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE,OCEAN, AND CONTINENTS

The authors outline a model, based on interacting cells which simulate conditions at high and low latitudes, to describe and predict energy and other flows occurring between the atmosphere, oceans, and continents. They propose that this model is more accurate and efficient (in terms of the use of computer time) than conventional hydrodynamic models based on the Navier-Stokes and other equations. Tests of the model for conditions in the Southern Hemisphere provided results, in terms of annual swings in air temperature (and in another case, also for water vapor pressure and precipitation regimes), which corresponded generally with actual observations (translated by Andrew R. Bond).     

SOCIAL NETWORKS AND TERRITORY IN A COMMUTER VILLAGE, BOND HEAD, ONTARIO

SOCIAL NETWORKS AND PLACE
Below the level of formal organizations, but above that of individual behaviour, there exists a weblike mesh of relationships between households. We are all aware, intuitively, of social networks. They are the old-boys networks, cliques, alliances, friendships, acquaintanceship chains, and kinship groups in which we all participate. Many, perhaps most, decisions taken by individuals are mediated through social networks. Networks are, as well, located in geographic space. In this paper I shall look at the concept of social networks and then use the concept to examine a small settlement in the Toronto hinterland.