西湖申遗——西湖定义：最能体现中国传统文化核心价值的审美实体

杭州西湖申报世界遗产正式启动。2010年西湖将代表中国申报世界文化景观遗产。西湖在中国人心目中具有不可替代的地位,是自然美与人文美完美结合的典范,具有突出、普遍的遗产价值,这也是西湖申遗的最大优势。     

西湖申遗

杭州西湖申报世界遗产正式启动。2010年西湖将代表中国申报世界文化景观遗产。西湖在中国人心目中具有不可替代的地位,是自然美与人文美完美结合的典范,具有突出、普遍的遗产价值,这也是西湖申遗的最大优势。     

新年好心情

杭州西湖的“申遗”,将这个“自然和文化高度复合的产物”,又一次推到了万众瞩目的聚光灯下。这次西湖申报世界遗产的类别是“文化景观遗产”。西湖的无与伦比正是她2000年发展过程中形成的文化深度,“申遗”的“破发点”就在于让世界读懂西湖与中国文学和哲学绵延不息的文脉。本期推出西湖专辑,聚焦西湖“申遗”,“西湖24小时”里的人们装点着这片中国最著名的湖山风景,演绎这处“活着的文化形态”别样的风韵。     

西湖再活两千年

2011年6月24日,在第35届世界遗产大会上,"中国杭州西湖文化景观"被列入世界遗产名录。回顾西湖申遗的历程,自从1999年启动以来,可以说是"十年磨一剑"。此期间,西湖申遗得到了中央、省部各级领导的高度重视与亲切关心,得到了国内外专家学者的帮助指导,同时也凝聚了全市人民的力量。     

20年的中国行迹

四位专家联名提议中国加入世界遗产的大家庭,当初的“遗产小字辈”已成为世界第三;曾有人拒绝当地申报世界遗产,申遗的热潮席卷了神州大地。20年里的风雨历程是非忧患,且听专家纷纷话说世界遗产……     

中国大运河扬州段的遗产申报、遗产旅游与价值感知三者关系的实证检验

申报世界遗产的目的是为了推动遗产保护及价值传播,遗产旅游则被认为是实现公众认识遗产内涵价值的有效方式,但当前对于世界遗产申报与遗产旅游、公众感知的相关性鲜有定量研究。基于659份对大运河扬州段游客及居民发放的调查问卷,建构遗产申报(World Heritage Declaration)、遗产旅游(World Heritage Tourism)与价值感知(World Heritage Value Perception)三者间关系的DTV理论模型,通过定量分析探讨其中的关系,结果显示,申报世界遗产期间较好地实现了大运河遗产价值的发掘、保存与推广,但长期来看入遗对运河遗产旅游热度的提升并不显著;民众对于运河遗产价值的认识主要源于申遗期间的宣传,对遗产价值内涵的认识有限,感知深度尚显不足。如何将运河申遗成果转化为可持续的城市解读素材,是应受到重视的问题。     

基于《联合国可持续发展目标》探究中国海上丝绸之路申遗旅游管理的挑战

2015年《联合国可持续发展目标》提出了17个大目标,其中有3大目标与世界遗产保护和可持续旅游发展紧密联系。中国海上丝绸之路沿线各申遗城市正积极筹备申报世界遗产。在申遗过程中贯彻《联合国可持续发展目标》目标8、11和12,实现保护遗产地突出普遍价值和发展可持续旅游需做到四点:1)阐明世界遗产的突出普遍价值并明确其要素,以推动可持续旅游的发展;2)应对城市和工业化发展压力;3)将申遗沿线上的旅游景点与其他区域进行明显区分;4)明确申遗沿线的监测工作。     

大运河的文化积淀及其在新世纪的命运——大运河遗产保护规划和申遗工作的回顾与体会

大运河是中国惟一一条南北走向的大型的人工水系,2008年大运河申遗联盟的成立正式启动了大运河遗产的保护和申遗工作。国家文物局委托中国文化遗产研究院和东南大学制定了大运河遗产一阶段保护规划要求,组建了大运河遗产保护与申遗专家委员会,2012年9月,大运河申遗城市联盟在扬州讨论和制定大运河遗产保护规定,2013年大运河申遗的文本将提交世界遗产组织。国家文物局从一开始就明确了大运河申遗与保护的关系,申遗只是一种推动保护的方式,保护好大运河遗产、揭示和展示大运河遗产所蕴含的杰出的普遍价值以及深层次的中国文化特色并将之传承后代是这一运动的基本宗旨。申遗过程也像是一场对中国学术界和行政机构的国际考试。     

世界遗产申报对居民地方感的影响——以湖南崀山为例

地方感已成为旅游研究的新热点,国内外关于旅游者、旅游地居民的地方感实证研究不断涌现,但关于重大外部事件对居民地方感的影响研究较少.本文以湖南崀山为例,通过设计量表以测量世界遗产申报作为外部事件对社区居民地方感的影响,通过发放问卷和访谈等方式进行实地调研.研究发现,世界遗产申报使居民对崀山有了全新认识,并对地方认同、地方依赖、自然环境感知和社会文化感知等4个方面产生了较大影响.虽然不同利益群体的居民对待申遗和旅游业的态度不同,但总体上世界遗产申报强化了居民的地方感,提高了其对当地旅游发展的期望和支持度.     

标准化的多样性：云南哈尼梯田文化景观的世界遗产话语和“去地方化”进程

文化景观的概念与实践是世界遗产体系不断与时俱进,并且呼应"文化多样性"诉求的一个产物。云南红河哈尼梯田文化景观于2013年列入《世界遗产名录》,一方面体现出对应着"文化多样性"而表述的"哈尼性"特征,另一方面也被统合进中华文明多元一体的"国族话语"体系之中。同时,作为旨在保护"突出普遍价值"的世界遗产,对于哈尼梯田的价值阐述,又需要将其"哈尼性""国族性"与世界遗产的普世性相勾连。尤其具有挑战性的,是这种国际语境中的"文化多样性"象征又不得不与中国当下的农村凋敝、人口流失、村落遗产衰落等"乡愁叙事"相纠葛。梳理哈尼梯田作为世界遗产在中国政治、经济、社会语境下的话语体系,有助于理解世界遗产所致力的文化多样性,去探索弥合国际话语和国内语境的巨大鸿沟,消解社会发展带来的"乡愁"。     

World Heritage listing and changes of political values: a case study in West Lake Cultural Landscape in Hongzhou,China

World Heritage themes and frameworks, as well as the criteria for assessing the ‘outstanding universal values’ (OUV) of World Heritage sites, have been extensively criticised for being Eurocentric. Asia is a region of extraordinary levels of cultural, religious and ethnic diversity, which often comes into conflict with UNESCO understandings of heritage. Due to the influence of UNESCO, and the persuasiveness of the heritage discourses it authorises, Asian nations tend to utilise assessments and management ideologies that derive from a European viewpoint. This paper explores the changes in the political role of heritage during the process of World Heritage listing of a Chinese cultural heritage site, West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou. The study is based on three and a half months of fieldwork in Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou. Firstly, I examine how the government officials and experts formulated the nomination dossier, and explore their purposes in seeking World Heritage listing and their understanding of heritage. In addition, tensions between governments’ understanding of the values of the site and those of UNESCO and ICOMOS will be mapped. Secondly, I examine how the Chinese government used the World Heritage ‘brand’ and policies to construct national and local narratives during and after the World Heritage listing. In this paper, I argue that both national and local governments are quite cynical about the listing process, in that they not only recognise they are playing a game, but that the game is ‘played’ under Eurocentric rules and terms. They know some Chinese values do not fit into UNESCO’s conception of ‘outstanding universal value’ (OUV), and they have ‘edited out’ those Chinese values, which could not be explained to Western experts, and utilised the discourses of international policy and expertise. Ultimately, these values and ‘rules’ frame the management of the sites to some extent, as the Chinese government must not, in order to maintain the WH listing, deviate too much from the rules of the game.     

Landscapes of Desire: Tourists, Touts and Sexual Encounters at the World Heritage Site of Thebes

Cultural tourism capitalises on archaeological sites with World Heritage status on a global scale. The encounters of visitors from all over the world with local residents and other stakeholder groups, like local and international entrepreneurs, set off complex processes of interaction in which the physical and social space of the heritage site is negotiated, shaped and consumed. In a case study from Luxor/Egypt, this paper investigates a particular facet of these interactions, namely sexual encounters between tourists and members of the local community. It delineates the economic and social conditions of this phenomenon and discusses the role it takes in the production, perception and use of the World Heritage site of Thebes.     

World Heritage and the Local Community: The Case of Atapuerca (Burgos,Spain)

As social constructions, heritage properties require the participation of all their stakeholders, especially in the case of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) World Heritage Site is used as a test case for assessing the fulfilment of the local community’s development expectations, perceptions, and values. This paper is the first formal attempt to ascertain the opinions of residents in the surrounding villages — Ibeas de Juarros and Atapuerca — regarding the initiatives taken by the authorities, and the changes produced, since the site was included in the World Heritage List. The results show that many improvements can be made with the aim of democratizing the decision-making process, ensuring the involvement of the local community and improving their quality of life, in order to fulfil the spirit and recommendations of UNESCO.     

The Mezquita of C��rdoba is Made of More than Bricks: Towards a Broader Definition of the ��Heritage�� Protected at UNESCO World Heritage Sites

On March 31, 2010, a group of Muslim tourists visited the Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba, Spain, and attempted to pray. They were confronted by guards who called the police; two of the tourists were arrested and jailed, charged with crimes against religious sentiment. The incident is but one of many acts of religious intolerance which represent a threat to this UNESCO World Heritage Site. Though the World Heritage Convention seems to be concerned only with the protection of the physical heritage represented by archaeological sites, I argue that in order to adequately preserve and promote the sites on the World Heritage List, the intangible heritage values of those locations must also be protected.     

The Rock Art of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Area,Zimbabwe: Management and Use,c 1800 to 2016

The Matobo Hills World Heritage Area in southern Zimbabwe is an acknowledged treasure trove of rock art sites. Despite a century of research and management, there remains much to be done to conserve these sites for future generations. Following a chronological approach, this paper reviews a century of research and conservation efforts, detailing various strategies and achievements by individuals, government agencies, and affiliated organisations. Zimbabwe’s recent economic collapse and ‘land reform’ programme had fundamental impacts on the appreciation and protection of the rock art sites by tourists, local communities, international organisations and government agencies, all of which are explored. The article ends with brief suggestions on how to potentially improve and expand the management of rock art in the Matobo Hills area.     

入境游客对我国非物质文化遗产的满意度及其度量模型研究——以苏州昆曲为例

本文选取具有中国传统文化特色的苏州昆曲为研究对象,运用因子分析、回归分析等方法,研究了入境游客对我国非物质文化遗产的满意度及其度量模型。结果发现:①入境游客对我国非物质文化遗产昆曲有着很高的正面评价,集中体现在昆曲的"魅力性"、"知识/愉悦性"、"传统性"、"价值性"四个方面;②不同人口统计学特征的入境游客对我国非物质文化遗产的实地感知存在显著性的差异;③不同满意度理论模型与入境游客总体满意度的关系存在显著差异。最后为我国非物质文化遗产旅游产品的开发提出了参考建议。     

旅游城市本地居民环城游憩偏好:杭州案例研究

杭州作为中国著名的旅游城市,在市区内外都有大量的游憩用地。本文详细阐述了影响居民在内城游憩和环城游憩间进行选择的作用力模型。通过问卷调查,研究了杭州本地居民环城游憩的行为及偏好特征。并在调查的基础上运用统计检验总结出杭州本地居民对环城游憩产品类型、游憩时间、目的地区位的偏好规律。同时,不同时间约束条件下居民对环城游憩目的地的区位偏好也会呈现明显不同的倾向。最后,对游憩选择与偏好的影响因素进行了分析。     

Negotiation of Social Values in the World Heritage Listing Process: A Case Study on the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,China

This paper examines the World Heritage listing process for the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to understand the sociopolitical meanings of heritage in contemporary China. Over the past four decades, the efforts of the Chinese government have been clearly geared towards improving governance over heritage sites by designating them as state properties, which requires the selection and evaluation of cultural heritage sites on the specific political meaning based on historical, aesthetic, or scientific value. In the process of World Heritage listing of Chinese heritage sties, the model of ‘state properties’ had to be compatible with UNESCO’s understanding of ‘heritage’, as well as economic benefits of heritage. Drawing on the data collected from the process of World Heritage listing of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, this paper explores the integration of the social meanings of heritage into the ‘authorized’ values criteria, facilitating multiple uses of ‘heritage’ through collaboration among UNESCO, Chinese heritage officials, and local communities. It argues that practices of heritage that consider social meanings will integrate local communities’ understandings into political meanings of heritage on basis of central government’s interests. This paper shows how the social meanings of heritage create a dialectical relationship to enable a ‘living’ cultural process in the preservation of ‘state properties’. In addition, the social meanings of heritage allow all potential stakeholder groups to negotiate with the heritage bureaucracy, as well as strengthening the role of local interests in heritage policy.     

旅游者符号实践初探——以杭州西湖“西子”诗词为例

旅游者符号实践概念的提出旨在进一步凸显旅游者在旅游吸引物符号建构中的主体性。本文以杭州西湖的"西子"诗词为例,初步探讨了旅游者符号实践概念的基本内涵、理论支撑与研究价值。旅游者符号实践并不是对已有符号记忆的被动接受,而是借助旅游者的亲身体验,不断将其运用到旅游实践中去加以检验、深化和再创造的动态演进过程。符号学理论、实践理论和(身体)现象学理论构成了旅游者符号实践研究的三大理论支撑。符号实践是旅游者符号体验过程中主观与客观、过去与现在、已知与可能、我者与他者、代表物与对象等诸多二元关系的中间环节和关键枢纽,既关系到旅游者的符号体验质量,也与旅游目的地可持续发展息息相关,因而具有一定的研究价值。