THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEOLITHIC AND COPPER AGE SETTLEMENT IN THE GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN PART II: SITE SURVEY AND SETTLEMENT DYNAMICS

Summary. Within the region of the Great Hungarian Plain (discussed in the first part of this article) the processes of settlement change can be followed in greater detail from site survey in the Szeghalom area. This central part of the Plain, drained by the Körös and Berettyó rivers, was a major focus of settlement in Neolithic times (6000-4000 BC), and its rising importance can be followed in the emergence of a series of wealthy 'supersites'. During the succeeding Copper Age, the character of sites altered as the role of the area in relation to the rest of the region began to change. Around 3500 BC a dramatic shift in settlement patterns coincided with the appearance of large tumuli of steppe type, which mark a new phase of land use in this region.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METALWORK, COPPER SOURCES AND THE EVIDENCE FOR SETTLEMENT IN THE GREEK LATE NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE

Summary. This paper discusses the evidence for copper- and bronze-working in later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Greece and seeks to define the relationship between these industries and the copper ore sources which were potentially available. It compares the distribution of metalwork with that of contemporary settlement, and lists the occurrence of copper sources in each region. A contrast is also drawn between the later Neolithic industries, which resemble those of the Balkans, and those of EB II and III, which have essentially a Near Eastern Background. Although the same ore sources may have been used in both periods, the scope and organisation of the industries was markedly different. It is concluded that even though there were enough local and widespread copper sources to meet demand, there is no evidence that any one copper source was systematically exploited in EBA. The extent to which the Laurion copper source influenced the organisation of copper acquisition in MBA is discussed.     

MEDITERRANEAN CORAL: ITS USE and EXCHANGE IN and AROUND the ALPINE REGION DURING the LATER NEOLITHIC and COPPER AGE

Different types of Mediterranean coral are described, and the potential sources of prehistoric coral in the central Mediterranean are considered. Early examples of coral artefacts from in and around the alpine region, as well as their finds-contexts, are then described and chronologically defined, and their value, use, and exchange is discussed.     

THE SHEPHELAH IN THE IRON AGE: A NEW LOOK ON THE SETTLEMENT OF JUDAH

Abstract

The Shephelah was densely settled in the Late Bronze Age, but most of the settlements were gradually abandoned during the transition to the Iron I period. Only a few Iron I settlements existed in the eastern part of the region (excluding the Philistine sites at the northwestern edge of the Shephelah), forming a small Canaanite enclave. During the Iron II period the region was gradually resettled, and it became part of Judah. This process lasted until the 8th century BCE, when the region reached an unparalleled demographic peak. Sennacherib's campaign brought wide-scale destruction, and the region recovered only partially before being devastated by Nebuchadnezzar. After reconstructing the region's settlement history, the article reassesses its political and demographic history in comparison to the neighbouring regions of the Judean highlands and the southern coastal plain, it is concluded that the Shephelah had a lesser role in the history of Judah than some recent studies suggest.     

THE NEOLITHIC of the AVEBURY AREA: SEQUENCE, ENVIRONMENT, SETTLEMENT and MONUMENTS

Summary: The implications are discussed of the first five seasons of a regional project to investigate the Neolithic sequence and environment, and the context in which monuments great and small were built, in the area around Avebury, north Wiltshire, England. A five-phase local sequence is proposed. There was a varying mosaic of clearances, and settlement density may have been low. the episodic character of monument building stands out. With the exception of Silbury Hill, none of the monuments need indicate significant social ranking, and more attention can be given to their sacred character and to the tradition which produced them.     

SHIFTING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE SOUTHERN JORDAN VALLEY AND DESERT FRINGES OF SAMARIA DURING THE EARLY BRONZE AGE I PERIOD

Abstract

This study deals with the unprecedented settlement activity during the Early Bronze Age I that has been recently recorded in the Jordan Valley and the desert fringes of Samaria. The increase in the number of sites primarily characterises the latter part of the period (Early Bronze Age IB), and is accompanied by two other important phenomena: population inroads into new regions, and the first appearance of fortified sites. A profound crisis at the end of the period resulted in the almost complete abandonment of the valley sites and the concentration of settlement along the eastern foothills of Samaria.     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN THE LITHUANIAN SSR: RESULTS,PROBLEMS, AND PROSPECTS

The authors analyze the factors, results, problems, and prospects of the development of a system of settlement in the Lithuanian SSR, a laboratory of sorts for settlement policy in the Soviet Union. Particular attention is devoted to the formation of an inter-rayon settlement system integrating urban and rural settlements. Several methodological and conceptual approaches to the study of settlement systems are examined in this context. (Translated by Andrew R. Bond.)     

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN THE USSR, 1970-1988: PART I (PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY)

The first of two articles devoted to spatial and temporal trends in economic development and levels of living within the USSR focuses on changes in the pattern of absolute and per capita economic output—national income produced and gross value of industrial output (at the republic and economic regional level, respectively). It then investigates the question of whether divergence or convergence has occurred among republics and economic regions in terms of these indicators. Finally, it assesses patterns of change in labor and capital productivity across Soviet republics.     

SERIPHOS SURFACES: A STUDY OF COPPER SLAG HEAPS AND COPPER SOURCES IN THE CONTEXT OF EARLY BRONZE AGE AEGEAN METAL PRODUCTION

Kephala and Phournoi, on the island of Seriphos, add to a growing number of EBA metal production sites identified in the south‐central Aegean. Analytical examination of samples from the two sites addressed the technological parameters of the copper smelting process, indicating the use of mixed oxidic and sulphidic copper–iron ores to produce unalloyed copper with minute copper sulphide inclusions. A preliminary geological reconnaissance of the island identified several small copper mineralizations, one of them close to the site of Kephala. Nevertheless, the ore sources used remain unclear. Comparisons are made with other contemporaneous neighbouring smelting sites.     

THE MESOLITHIC of the CHANNEL ISLANDS: ECONOMY and SETTLEMENT IN A CHANGING LANDSCAPE

Summary: Results of recent surveys, combined with a re-evaluation of lithic assemblages from earlier surface collections, suggest the existence of several Mesolithic sites in the Channel Islands. the lithic assemblages from these sites find parallels on the mainland of North-Western France, suggesting that most of the Channel Island sites date to the 'Middle Stage'Mesolithic (c 8500-10,000 BP). the evidence for Mesolithic activity in the island is discussed in the context of the evidence for changing sea-levels and environmental conditions. It is argued that sites were preferentially located at the junction of several ecozones and that, for a short period of time during the 8th & 9th Millennia BP, sea-levels and environmental conditions in the area were particularly favourable for the exploitation of a broad range of resources.     

THE COLLECTION and DISTRIBUTION of LITHIC MATERIALS DURING the MESOLITHIC and NEOLITHIC PERIODS IN SOUTHERN ENGLAND

Summary: This paper explores the changing use of lithic raw materials between the late Mesolithic and the late Neolithic periods in three areas of England: the Weald, the south western peninsula and southern Wessex. In the Weald changes in Mesolithic technology may be related to contemporary changes in the settlement-pattern brought about by ecological factors. In the south-west and in Wessex there is some continuity in the use of particular stone sources in the Mesolithic and Neolithic, but in the latter period there may be evidence for greater social control over the use of certain quarry sites and their products. One reason for the growth of regional exchange was the difficulty of long distance movement in a sedentary agricultural economy.     

THE HIGHLANDS of ABOBOREIRA (NORTH-WEST PORTUGAL): ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FROM MIDDLE/LATE NEOLITHIC to EARLY BRONZE AGE. EVIDENCE FROM CHARCOAL ANALYSIS

Summary: Charcoal analysis data from 15 megalithic monuments in the highlands of Serra da Aboboreira, north-west Portugal, are presented and discussed. the results, interpreted only in terms of presence/absence of taxa, give us important information concerning the vegetal cover of this area and the relationships with man, from the Middle/Late Neolithic until the Early Bronze Age.     

ONE FAMILY'S FRONTIER: LIFE HISTORY and THE PROCESS OF UKRAINIAN SETTLEMENT IN THE STUARTBURN DISTRICT OF SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA

Conventional approaches to the study of historical geography tend to use aggregate data to create discrete patterns and to formulate generalized explanations of the tumultuous process of frontier settlement and community formation. Life history, through the study of the actions of an individual or a family unit, can provide new insights into the decision-making process and the social tensions that accompanied pioneer settlement and community development on the frontier. The life history of the Mihaychuk family, who emigrated to Canada from Bukovyna, Austria, in 1900, and who eventually settled at Arbakka in the Ukrainian bloc settlement of Stuartburn in southeastern Manitoba, is used as an illustration. The process of chain migration and the economic outlook of the peasant settler is demonstrated. The capricious role of kinship linkages in settlement decision making is clarified and the fluidity of the frontier illustrated. The emerging social and economic mobility of the Canadian-born or Canadianized generation was shown by their dissatisfaction with the opportunities that their parents had sought. Remigration to new areas of frontier settlement was common, as was entry into school teaching as a springboard into the mainstream of Canadian life beyond the Ukrainian community of Stuartburn. Les démarches conventionnelles à l'étude de la géographic historique ont tendance à utiliser les données collectives pour créer des modèles distincts, et à formuler des explications généralisees du processus tumultueux de l' eAablissement à la frontière et ensuite du développement des communautés. À travers l'étude des actions d' un individu ou d' une famille, l' histoire de la vie peut parvenir à comprendre la manière de prendre des décisions, ainsi que les tensions sociales qui caractérisaient les établisse-ments et les communautés des pionniers à la frontière. l' histoire de la vie de la famille « Mihaychuk » sert d'exemple. Les membres ont émigré au Canada du Bukovyna en Autriche en 1900 et ils se sont installérs à Arbakka dans le hameau ukrainien de Stuartburn dans le sud-est de Manitoba. On décrit la procédé de la migration en chaîne et les prévisions économiques des pionniers paysans. L ‘influence capricieuse des liens de parenté aux décisions de la communauté se voit clairement; la variabilité des limites de la frontière est aussi dépeinte. La mobilité sociale et économique qui se développait chez la population natale ou « canadienisée » se manifestait par le mécontentement avec les projets que leurs parents ont poursuivis. La réinstallation des families aux nouvelles régions était commune, de même que l'emploi dans le domaine de l' enseignement –ce qui servait de tremplin afin d' entrer au courant principal de la vie canadienne audelà de la communauté ukrainienne de Stuartburn     

PARALLELS and CONTRASTS IN the BRONZE AGE of the PELOPONNESE

Summary: The provinces of the north-east Peloponnese, Laconia, and Messenia are chosen for comparison, as likely to have been always the most significant in the Peloponnese. Differences in the observable patterns of site-distribution are pointed out, which seem to conflict with the models suggested in Bintliff 1977 and to suggest a degree of local variation. the histories of the three provinces through the Bronze Age, so far as they can be outlined, have features in common but can be shown to vary at several significant points, strengthening this suggestion.