公元前5世纪阿尔戈斯的民主政治

公元前5世纪阿尔戈斯的民主政治诞生于塞佩亚战役的惨败以及随后公民队伍成分变化的过程中。在民主政治体制下,阿尔戈斯的基本制度包括公民大会、议事会和官员。与雅典等比较,阿尔戈斯官员的任期只有半年,并且受到议事会和公民大会的制约,民主特征鲜明。然而,阿尔戈斯议事会和官员的相对强势,公民大会出席者成分的限制,使它的民主政治更接近亚里士多德所界定的温和类型,其民主程度与雅典民主政治有一定距离:一方面,民主政治时代的阿尔戈斯虽然是一流强国,但它很少在希腊世界扮演决定性角色;另一方面,在竞争激烈的希腊城邦世界,阿尔戈斯成功维持了政治独立,特别是能够在大约二百年中保持政治稳定,一个很重要的原因,在于其民主的制度设计。对阿尔戈斯民主政治的研究,不仅有助于理解古典时代阿尔戈斯和伯罗奔尼撒的历史,也会丰富古代希腊民主政治的图景,有利于打破希腊史研究中雅典与斯巴达中心的倾向。     

雅典民主政治的危机与民主信仰的重塑

以人民主权为基本原则、以公民广泛参与国家管理为基本特征的雅典民主政治,在公元前5世纪取得了辉煌的胜利,使雅典成为希腊世界的政治和文化中心。但人民主权的发展,也使民主政治与法治之间的紧张凸显。伯罗奔尼撒战争中雅典遭遇的败局,富有阶层对民主政治在政治上和思想上的反对,令民主政治遭遇严重挑战。公元前5世纪末民主政治重建后,通过实现公民和解、提升法律权威、整顿思想,成功重树了对民主政治的信仰,确保了公元前4世纪雅典民主政治的稳定。     

表演文化与雅典民主政治——以政治演说为考察对象

古希腊的表演文化深刻影响着雅典民主政治,这种影响集中体现在雅典政治演说的特征上.雅典政治演说在民主政体中承担着重要的政治功能,同时,它本身作为一般意义上的表演行为还具有特定的表演性,政治演说之表演性的过度发展将妨害其政治功能的正常发挥.然而,政治演说的表演性与雅典民主政治的运作之间存在着内在的必然联系.雅典人对政治演说之表演性的批评实际是他们在表演文化的语境中对其民主政体运作方式所进行的反思.     

民众的统治抑或奴隶主贵族阶级的寡头统治?——雅典民主政治新论

长期以来,学术界对雅典民主政治的认识一直存在"民众的统治"与"贵族和富人或者奴隶主阶级的寡头统治"两种截然对立的观点.本文通过对雅典民主政治中政治领袖与民众权力的考察和分析,得出结论:雅典民主政治既非"民众的统治",也不是"贵族和富人或者奴隶主阶级的寡头统治",而是民众与政治领袖的共治.民主政治权力为民众和政治领袖所共享.     

演说与雅典民主政治

演说是雅典民主政治生活中极为常见的现象。它的兴盛是民主政治的一种内在需要,并且在民主政治生活中具有重要的作用。作为政治领袖的演说家正是通过演说影响甚至左右民众在公民大会上的决策和陪审员在公民法庭上的判决。因此,在雅典民主政治中,民众的决策需要政治领袖的建议和领导,政治领袖的建议和领导需要民众决策的认可和制约。雅典政治领袖的领导权和民众的决策权长期处于一种相互制约和平衡的状态,从而使雅典民主政治在长达二百多年的历史中处于一种相对稳定的状态。     

伪色诺芬《雅典政制》史料价值初探

伪色诺芬《雅典政制》作为公元前5世纪后期雅典的历史文献,对于研究雅典政治状况、原提洛同盟"盟邦"与雅典的关系以及探析民主政治的实质具有重要的史料价值。作者主要从平民的权利、海上霸权两个方面论述雅典民主制保持完好的原因,评述"盟邦"主权遭到雅典侵夺的历史事实,从而证明雅典民主制乃是建立在全体雅典人对非雅典人剥削、奴役基础之上的。当政者所采取种种强化民主的措施,其目的都是为了维护雅典人的根本利益。     

20世纪中后期国外学者对古希腊演说研究述评

20世纪后半期,西方古典学界,主要是欧美学者对古希腊演说的研究开始摆脱亚里斯多德的传统,将其作为一种社会政治文化现象,与雅典民主政治结合起来进行研究,重点分析和探讨了演说与雅典政治领袖、雅典法律诉讼和雅典城邦民主政治意识形态的建构等之间的关系,取得了丰硕的成果。不可否认,这些研究成果具有很大的启发性,为国内外同仁进行相关的研究提供了宝贵的借鉴和参考价值。     

与民众结盟——阿尔克迈翁家族与雅典民主的诞生

阿尔克迈翁家族是长期活跃于雅典政坛的一大显赫家族。该家族成员多次被流放但又都回到雅典重掌权力;曾与僭主竞争,又在僭主统治下任职;曾主持民主改革,又始终保持贵族理想。可以说,它的发展兴衰及其与其他家族的相互斗争深刻影响了古风时代的雅典政治。本文将回顾阿尔克迈翁家族在公元前6世纪的政治历程,以考量它对于雅典民主政治和公民意识形成的作用。意图指出阿尔克迈翁家族的相关斗争是民主诞生的原动力,而在贵族争夺过程中觉醒的公民意识,则逐渐具备更大的反作用力,两者共同促成了民主的诞生。     

民众的统治抑或奴隶主贵族阶级的寡头统治雅典民主政治新论——雅典民主政治新论

长期以来,学术界对雅典民主政治的认识一直存在“民众的统治”与“贵族和富人或者奴隶主阶级的寡头统治”两种截然对立的观点。本文通过对雅典民主政治中政治领袖与民众权力的考察和分析,得出结论：雅典民主政治既非“民众的统治”,也不是“贵族和富人或者奴隶主阶级的寡头统治”,而是民众与政治领袖的共治,民主政治权力为民众和政治领袖所共享。     

从提秀斯崇拜透视古典时代雅典的王权观念

在古典时代,提秀斯在雅典广受崇拜。提秀斯的古典形象与原始形象存在较大区别,是古典作家改造的结果。古典作家的现实考量,不仅在于学界常强调的宣传、美化、合法化雅典民主政治,更在于将提秀斯所象征的王权作为解决民主政治困境的一种路径,反映出雅典王权观念的改变。雅典王权观念的改变是雅典国际、国内环境综合影响的产物。     

试论公元前5世纪中期雅典的陪审法庭变革

雅典的陪审法庭创建于梭伦改革时期,最初附属于公民大会。公元前5世纪中期,陪审法庭从公民大会中分离出来,成为雅典民主制的核心机构之一。从形式上看,它从单一的法庭转变成多个陪审法庭;从职能上看,陪审法庭新增了官员的任职资格审查和账目审计等职权;从性质上看,陪审法庭不仅仅是接受上诉案件的终审法庭,还是一审的法庭;另外,陪审津贴的颁行给每一个公民以出席陪审法庭的机会。陪审法庭的这些变革是雅典民主化进程的需要,也是人口增长和雅典帝国事务增多的结果。     

Athenian owls and the royal Macedonian monopoly on timber

The aim of this article is to show that the reason for large numbers of Athenian tetradrachms being part of hoards buried in southern and south-eastern Asia Minor, mainly Cilicia, is related to the supply of timber for the Athenian fleet. From the reign of Perdikkas II to the beginning of the Hellenistic period, Athens was only able to import timber from Macedonia for a very limited number of years and so Macedonia could not be Athens's regular timber supplier.     

公元前五世纪雅典法令铭文十篇译注

本文所选铭文系雅典在公元前5世纪中叶颁布的部分法令,集中反映出作为盟主之邦的雅典在政治、经济及司法等诸多方面对盟邦主权的肆意践踏,是解读该时期雅典历史的重要原始资料。国外古典学界对古希腊传世铭文的释读与研究极为重视,其中较权威的选本为R·梅格斯与D·刘易斯整理的《希腊历史铭文选》,亦是本文所依据的文本。     

Holocene lithostratigraphy and its implementation in the geoarchaeological research of the Athenian Basin,Greece

The Athenian Basin is a very interesting area from an archaeological point of view, since it is inhabited from Neolithic time. The human impact on the landscape is shown by the ancient constructions such as the Long Walls and the canalization of the rivers in the area of the Athenian Basin and Piraeus. The aim of the study is to detect the paleogeographical evolution of this area. In order to manipulate all the available information obtained from literature review (topographic maps, geological maps, ancient maps and references) and the stratigraphic data from 227 boreholes from the Athenian Basin, a GIS database was established. After the interpretation of the stratigraphy from the boreholes, six lithostratigraphic units were defined. Maps and 3D models were designed to represent the succession of the lithostratigraphy of each period. Paleogeographic maps were created in order to represent the landscape for each lithostratigraphic unit of the Athenian basin, and extract results for the temporal and spatial changes of the paleo-landscape and the involvement of the human impact on the depositional process in the Athenian Basin during Holocene.     

Imperialist democracy,ancient Athenians and the US presence in Iraq

This article speculates about possible parallels between the experience of the Athenian empire and the Americans’ rationale for their presence in Iraq. Leaders in both countries sought to make their worlds safe for democracy by military invasion. The Athenian experience is described, drawing on Thucydides and other primary and secondary sources. Then there is a sketch of the scholarly treatment accorded the Athenian empire by writers through to the present day. Finally, allusions to the classical experience by several contemporary writers are examined. These writers articulate a common pessimism about the future prospects for the American presence in Iraq.     

Ancient Athens: democracy and empire1

This paper looks at the principal features of the Athenian democracy in the fifth century BC and of the Delian League, the fifth-century alliance which became an Athenian empire, and asks how it was that at the same time the Athenians built up an unprecedented degree of democracy in their internal affairs and an unprecedented degree of rule over other Greek states.     

Die Rituelle ΔiaboΛ

It has been suggested that the Athenian citizens were prevented by over‐riding moral values from being engaged in the grain trade, which could be very profitable. Trade as such was seen as a dirty job. This article will bring into focus other explanations of their passivity in this sector of the Athenian economy. The technical problems always offered by long‐distance trade and the complicated loan‐transactions behind every trading venture made metics and other foreigners key persons as grain merchants as well as financiers in this risky trade.     

Social relations on stage: Witnesses in classical Athens

The study of witness testimony raises questions which are fundamental for the student of other cultures, whether past or contemporary. What are the standards expected of a reliable informant and how is reliability to be recognised? How is reliable knowledge about the past established?

The aim of this paper is to analyse the use of witnesses in classical Athenian lawcourts both for its epistemological implications — what does it tell us about Athenian ideas of ‘expert witnesses’, of reliability, of truthfulness and bias — and for the information it gives us about Athenian society and court practice. What kind of men did Athenian litigants select to act as witnesses for them, and what effect did they hope their witnesses’ testimonies would have on the jury?

If we start out from the assumption of modern courts that witnesses are called to ‘establish the facts of the case’ we shall misunderstand the Athenian data. What witnesses actually testified often was not very important: their testimonies might be insignificant, irrelevant or repetitive. To understand their role it is necessary to see them as minor characters in a drama, whose presence provides the backdrop against which the litigant wishes his own actions and character to be seen. Respectable witnesses — officials, members of the ‘professions’, reputable politicians — establish his own respectability. The support of neighbours, associates and kin shows that those who know the milieu in which the dispute arose are on the litigant's side. Denigration Of the opponent's witnesses, kin and associates presents him as a vicious and unreliable character. In the construction of a character‐portrait in court witnesses had an important role to play.