县域城镇化发展水平评价与对策

县级区域是我国最为基本的行政地域单元,是农村劳动力得以转移的主要载体。文章以统筹城乡发展的要求为指导,以江苏省沭阳县为典型案例,通过构建融人口、经济、社会文化、基础设施于一体的县域城镇化发展水平综合评价指标体系,采用熵值法和SPSS统计分析技术,从时空尺度视角对沭阳县城镇化发展水平进行了综合评估,并从加强中心镇建设、发展工业、人口控制、政策调整等方面提出了加快县域城镇化发展的对策。     

Clubs,Spades, Diamonds and Disadvantage: the Geography of Electronic Gaming Machines in Melbourne

Opportunities to gamble, particularly on electronic gaming machines (EGMs) have been rapidly increasing in Australia during the 1990s. The increase in expenditure on gambling and the related problems have subsequently become a growing concern, particularly in relation to disadvantaged sectors of the population. Given this, the development of a geography of gambling is an important step in understanding the implications of this rapidly expanding industry. This paper addresses this issue at two distinct geographical scales in metropolitan Melbourne and considers the distribution of EGMs in relation to levels of economic well‐being. Findings suggest that patterns evident at the wider Melbourne scale of greater concentration of EGMs in less advantaged regions are also reflected at a local level. These findings are related to the wider issues of accessibility to gambling facilities and problem gambling.     

我国人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展研究

中国正处于城镇化进程加速发展时期,城市规模不断扩大,城市数目不断增加,单以非农人口比重这一标准衡量城镇化水平并不能全面反映城镇化的内涵,因此,如何理性评价当前的城镇化状态值得思考。城镇化包含人口向城镇的转型、集中、强化和分异的过程,同样也包括城镇景观的地域推进过程。在归纳总结城镇化的深层内涵的基础上,选择人口城镇化和土地城镇化为切入点,从两个不同的角度衡量我国的城镇化水平,并研究二者协调发展状态。通过时间序列演算,发现人口城镇化指数与土地城镇化指数均呈现持续上升的趋势,并且从2002年开始土地城镇化指数增长速度明显加快,并在2007年土地城镇化指数超过人口城镇化指数;空间分析的结果显示,我国人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展空间格局具有水平总体偏低、阶段差距大、区域分异明显等特点。     

Crown corporations and co-operatives as coping mechanisms in regional economic development

This paper focuses attention on two types of businesses, Crown corporations and co-operatives, that have long been associated with attempted solutions to regional economic developmental problems in Canada. The paper argues that co-operatives and Crown corporations can be viewed as coping mechanisms that attempt to make up for shortcomings in Canada's market-based economic system. Consistent with this perspective, the case study of co-operatives and Crown corporations finds that, taken as a single group, these firms are more spatially dispersed than their privately held and publicly traded counterparts at both the Canadian national level and the regional level in Saskatchewan. The study also shows that, taken separately, Crown corporations are highly concentrated within Saskatchewan, while co-operatives are dispersed across the province. A possible explanation for this behaviour, warranting further research, is that Crown corporations in Saskatchewan encourage development provincially by linking with global and national business networks in their respective industries, while co-operatives in Saskatchewan largely focus on facilitating economic development opportunities at a local level across the many smaller town- and city-centred regions of the province. The paper discusses the meaning of these and other findings for regional economic development efforts in Saskatchewan and Canada.     

1990-2009年中国区域差异与空间格局——以人口重心与经济重心为例

利用至2009年的省级数据,与前人结论进行了对比,纠正了某些认识。①与我国几何中心相比,人口重心和经济重心均表现出不均衡性;②政策因素和由此导致的开放程度、开放时序的差别,是区域差异的最主要原因之一;③经济危机是经济重心产生剧烈跳动的主要原因;④广东省人口的快速增长是人口重心持续的西南向移动的真正原因,而经济重心的东南向移动是珠江三角洲和长江三角洲经济发展共同作用的结果;⑤人口重心和第一产业重心较为吻合,而与经济重心、第二产业重心、第三产业重心较为离散。     

Demographic transformation processes in Bulgaria

"The economic transformation [in Bulgaria] since 1989 led to severe economic and social problems. The population development under these conditions was marked by a falling birth rate. In 1990, for the first time, there was no increase in population. As a result of the long-term tendency towards a drop in the birth rate and an increase in mortality, Bulgaria suffered a loss in population of 3,000 people in 1990. Between 1989 and 1994 approximately 550,000 people left Bulgaria; approximately 78% of these were under the age of 45. The main reasons for this wave of emigration can be found in the high level of unemployment and in the social and economic instability of the country. The outmigration had considerable effects on the falling birth rate." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)     

The Second Interagency Conference on Population Geography

A theory that areal variations in economic development in the USSR (analyzed at the oblast level for most republics) depend on regional economic structure, economic policy, cultural factors, and the center-periphery dichotomy is tested via simple regression analysis, using retail sales per capita as the indicator of economic level. The independent variables are: share of urban population (for economic structure), investments (for economic policy), percentage of Moslem population (for the cultural factor), and distance from Moscow (for the periphery effect). All of these variables except distance were significant in explaining the real variation in retail sales per capita.     

台湾自由经济区演化及动力机制研究

随着经济全球化的深入发展,自由经济区在推动国民经济总体发展战略实施与经济体制改革、促进区域经济和城市化发展等方面发挥了重要作用。20世纪60年代,台湾建立了世界上第一个正式以"出口加工区"命名的经济型特区,通过不断转型升级推动了台湾的工业化和社会经济发展。本文通过文献归纳,总结了台湾经历的"出口加工区-科学工业园区-自由贸易港-自由经济示范区"四个发展阶段的特点;从目标、政策法规、管理、产业和空间结构入手,归纳出台湾自由经济区的形成演化规律;并认为要素、产业、效益、创新、政策、市场、环境各动力因素相互作用,构成推动其演化的动力机制。本研究对完善自由经济区形成演化理论探索和国内自贸区建设具有一定参考意义。     

COMMUTING AS AN ELEMENT OF LOCAL POPULATION MOBILITY

Commuting is defined as journeys to work or study that cross the administrative boundaries of minor civil divisions. This poses problems in the statistical analysis of some metropolitan areas, such as Baku, where large suburban territories are administratively under the jurisdiction of the central city government. Time series on commuting exist for trips from rural to urban areas, and help distinguish oblasts and major economic regions of varying levels of rural population mobility. This mobility is highest around large cities that exert a strong pull (Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Khar'kov, L'vov). Rural population mobility is low in Siberia and Kazakhstan, which have a sparse network of industrial centers and low rural population density, and in Central Asia, where the indigenous population is distinguished by low social mobility. Census data for commuting in 1970 yield a typology of cities in terms of the character of commuting. Commuting distances and means of transportation are analyzed for different city size classes.     

An alternative policy approach to rural development in regions facing population decline

ABSTRACT

Many rural regions in Europe used to be characterized by weak economic performance and negative population development. While in a long-term perspective this is not any more valid for large parts of Western Europe, a number of rural regions face persistent population decline. By analysing the case of Austria, where approximately one-third of rural areas have experienced such negative population change over the past decades, this paper will examine the impact on economic performance, income levels and well-being patterns. Addressing the crucial and persistent obstacles to positive population trends, new theoretical approaches and perspectives are discussed for overcoming limitations in development. Future approaches for regional development have to go beyond strategies for targeting economic growth, but have to address issues of local participation, social innovation and establishing trust as preconditions to effectively impact well-being dimensions. Such a mobilization effort would be the result of a comprehensive social transition process which would foster an altered narrative for these rural regions compared to the current and predominant focus on compensation and growth policies. Despite strong interlinkages with other regions and actors, the needs of local people would be central and both would be a cornerstone for social innovation.     

中国春运人口流动网络的富人俱乐部现象与不平衡性分析

基于“百度地图春节人口迁徙大数据”,利用加权网络的富人俱乐部系数和归一化不平衡系数方法,对2015年中国春运期间人口流动网络的富人俱乐部现象和不平衡性进行分析。研究结果表明：中国春运人口流动网络中存在明显的富人俱乐部现象,富人俱乐部城市包括北京、上海、广州、苏州、深圳和东莞,这些城市主导了超过77.66%中国城市的省际人口流动,且与这些城市之间的人口流动多属于不平衡关系,同时俱乐部城市之间、俱乐部城市与一小部分城市之间则属于平衡关系,这种流动格局很容易造成各城市在人口流动网络中的地位分化,严重影响了人口流动网络的公平性和安全性。     

1990年代以来沈阳市就业结构的空间分异

依据沈阳市1990年第四次和2000年第五次人口普查数据,从中心城区、近郊区、远郊区和市辖县(市)等尺度分析其劳动力结构和行业结构的空间差异,研究发现沈阳市劳动力从原有的就业空间向新就业空间转移,郊区化现象明显,特别是第二、第三产业的从业人员明显出现郊区化现象,转移的主要地区为城市近郊区;而人口和工业的郊迁是引起这种现象的主要原因。人口、工业以及就业郊迁对沈阳城市空间结构产生作用,导致城市物质空间和社会空间发生重构。     

区位机遇与地区经济发展——以长三角城市为例

区位机遇是指通过优化空间关系,促进区位优势转化为经济优势的各种机会。它具有明显时空差异性,是激活区位优势的强大引擎。文中采用2005年长三角城市的经济总量、非农业人口、二、三产业比重、外资总额、地区经济强度等5个指标,运用数学模型,计算出16个城市的综合规模指数。据此,将长三角16个城市分成3个层次,并分析了各个层次的区位机遇。最后,文中以高速公路时代和跨海大桥时代为实证研究,辅以湖州、舟山、南通为例作翔实的分析,进一步证实区位机遇对区域经济发展的巨大作用。     

中国互联网与区域经济

文章运用指数定律分析了中国互联网的域名地区分布、地区人均国内生产总值分布和地区人口分布,得出的结论是:中国互联网分布是地区人均国内生产总值的反映,与地区人口分布联系不大。这证实了互联网与区域经济的紧密相关性。研究中还发现,中国互联网仍然处于高速增长期;最后给出了中国互联网增长的速度,以及到达成熟稳定时期所需的时间。     

Problems in the Methodology of Measuring and Mapping the Level of Economic Development of the USSR

Economic development levels in the USSR are measured and mapped on the basis of an aggregate of three density parameters: the value of plant and equipment; the value of gross output, and population numbers, all per unit area. Data on the value of plant and on gross output are not available below the oblast level, and in the case of small oblasts in Central Russia, Ukraine and Belorussia, economic development levels within oblasts have been assumed to be relatively uniform. Large oblasts, especially in Siberia, required a further breakdown within oblasts, and in such cases the value of plant and gross output were allocated in proportion to population density. Economic development levels were graded on an eight-interval scale, but no absolute values were given. A related attempt to measure and map economic productivity was made by A. F. Burghardt, in his paper on “Income density in the United States” (Annals Assoc. Amer. Geographers, Sept. 1972).     

改革开放以来江苏城市化水平区域差异变动及其影响因素

运用统计分析并结合ArcGIS制图的方法描述了改革开放以来江苏省城市化总体发展概况,指出江苏城市化区域差异及其变动的情况,运用因子分析法对江苏省城市化区域差异的影响因素进行分析。结果表明对外贸易和第三产业的发展与江苏区域城市化相关性显著提高,传统的农业发展水平对江苏区域城市化的影响正逐渐减弱,工业从业人员比例与人口密度对城市化的影响逐渐增强。     

吉林省区域核心城市可持续发展能力的定量化研究

本文选取吉林省9个地区的核心城市,进行可持续发展能力的定量化研究。提出了针对吉林省核心城市的可持续发展能力评估的5个方面49个指标,分别采用指数化方法与因子分析法对吉林省区域核心城市可持续发展能力进行测度。经对比分析,最后确定以指数化方法的研究结论作为吉林省区域核心城市可持续发展能力的测试结果,并对结论进行了定性分析。     

Ireland. : Economics and the Reinventing of a Nation

Ireland is experiencing a fundamental transition in its economic life, one that has affected all levels of Irish society. The transition in living conditions and personal expectations and, at another level, in Ireland's contribution to a globally interdependent world is fueled by changes taking place in the structure and performance of the Irish economy. This article looks at Ireland's economic development over time—essentially a restructuring of its economic base and international outlook—the changes evident, present conditions, and the problems encountered. It concludes by looking at the nation's future prospects and its ability to sustain what some have referred to as an "economic miracle."     

当前俄罗斯人口地理变动的新特点

俄罗斯是一个地广人稀的国家。在20世纪90年代世界性人口增长的大背景下,人口持续减少,已成为影响国家发展和民族生存的重大问题,特别是其人口的发展显示出有悖于世界人口增长普遍规律的一些特征,非常值得探讨和研究。本文在对俄罗斯人口的增长、结构、分布和城市化发展特点等四个方面进行全面分析的基础上,探讨了俄罗斯人口危机产生的经济、社会和文化原因。指出解决俄罗斯人口问题的当务之急是加快发展经济,全面提高人口的生存环境质量。     

Early modern ideas about artistic geography related to the Baltic Region

The paper analyses the gradual changes in assistance offered to widows and widowers between 1900 and 1964. It highlights the conflicts between the principle of the family as provider of welfare and the principle of self-help embodied in poor relief, in varying municipal pensions during the inter-war period and in the right to economic assistance legitimised through the Mothers' and Widows' Pension Act in 1964. The development is seen as part of the construction of a welfare society, built on the perception of men as wage-earners and providers, women as wives and mothers. These perceptions of masculinity and femininity resulted in gender-differentiated needs in the case of widowhood, and in gender-differentiated means of covering such needs. Civil status had no importance for men's role as wage-earners, while it was decisive for the economic situation of women. Focusing on the problem of economic support, the paper discusses solutions at the individual private level, at the municipal level and at the national level. The different weighting of widows as mothers or as providers is taken into consideration, and so are consequences of demographic changes in the widowed population.