A Selected Bibliography of Mathematical Articles in Soviet Economic Geography (1960–1968)

Advocates of a new discipline of theoretical geography seek to bolster their argument for establishment of the discipline with quotations from Lenin. Theoretical geography, conceived more broadly than Bunge's mathematical geography, would seek to generalize the findings of all the particular geographical disciplines, to formulate general geographical laws, develop a common geographic method and common approaches to the formalization and modeling of geographic phenomena. Its objects of study are so-called geosystems, which are conceptualized as totalities of the autonomous spatial systems of the environment, population and the economy. Each geosystem is viewed as being associated with its geospace, defined as the “eigenspace of geographical objects, of geographically whole formations”. Geosystems are regarded as possessing a certain degree of freedom in contrast to the view that cause-and-effect relations within such systems are rigidly predetermined. The outlines of a number of general geographic laws are suggested. They include the law of growing contrast in spatial systems of all types and the law of asynchronism in the development of spatial systems. Theoretical geography is presented as having significant practical application in the analysis and prediction of the effect of man's development of spatial systems, in setting of development priorities and determining optimal types of development.     

TOWARD A UNIFICATION OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS USED IN INTEGRAL LANDSCAPE INVESTIGATIONS

A discussion of the concepts and terms of landscape research developed and applied for more than a decade at the field stations of the Institute of Geography of Siberia and the Far East (Irkutsk). The key concepts are geosystems, which represent the sphere of interaction between animate and inanimate nature; ecosystems, which focus on the biotic aspect of geosystems. Geosystems are said to fall within the sphere of interest of the landscape geographer, while ecosystems are viewed as the study objects of ecology, a biological discipline. Although the two approaches are said to be distinctive, the interests of geographers and ecologists overlap, and a common terminology for both disciplines is proposed.     

THE OUTPUT EFFECTS OF SPATIAL PRICE DISCRIMINATION REVISITED*

ABSTRACT Some prior findings on spatial price discrimination are extended. Under certain spatially defined market conditions, discriminatory pricing is known to yield greater output than does nondiscriminatory f.o.b. mill pricing. However, this seemingly surprising result is based on the form of the basic demand function which is relatively less convex than a certain standard curve. The present paper makes this prior result more general by permitting the assumed basic demand to be relatively more convex.     

ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AMBER BY CARBON-13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Amber, a class of fossil resins, comprises largely terpenoid components. The structure of the major, insoluble portion has not been defined previously. We report the analysis of European amber by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy directly on solid samples. Two major types are defined, depending on the appearance of the alkene resonances. Baltic amber (succinite), along with other northern ambers such as gedanite, has a pronounced resonance from an exomethylene group. The southerly ambers (rumanite, schraufite, walchowite, delatynite and true simetites) lack the exomethylene resonances. The succinite group gives spectra consistent with a labdane-type precursor and the rumanite-like ambers give spectra consistent with an abietane-type precursor. These results are best explained by at least two different palaeobotanical sources of the fossil resins.     

Coalition Stability and Belief Change: Advocacy Coalitions in U.S. Foreign Policy and the Creation of Israel, 1922–44

This study examines whether advocacy coalitions are stable over time by examining legislative hearings data concerning U.S. foreign policy and the creation of Israel. It uses content analysis of 19 different policy core and deep core belief components applied to testimonies given in 1922 and in 1944. These belief components are used to identify members of advocacy coalitions and to test the coalitions' relative stability of membership over time. In addition, this research examines the stability of the belief systems of these advocacy coalitions. It finds that the structures of the advocacy coalitions remained relatively stable, yet new components of policy core beliefs emerged among all three advocacy coalitions, and such components are converging toward the belief system of the coalition advocating for the creation of Israel.     

The dental arcade and human morphology

Cranio-dental fossils are relatively common in the fossil record and this paper considers the question of whether the dental arcade can act as a predictor of hominid morphology. A method of measuring the catenary number of an arcade is also described and defined. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The cobbler — a mountain shaped by Rock Slope failure

During the 1960s and 1970s, Malta's mass tourism industry developed in a relatively unplanned fashion and was characterised by a mixed assortment of benefits and dis‐benefits, as well as dependence on a narrowly defined market. This paper examines the international trends and government policies that have resulted in the diversification of the tourist industry in Malta since the mid‐1980s. Focusing on one particular type of niche‐marketing, that of cultural tourism, the paper explores some of the possible impacts following from the changing patterns of tourism. The paper questions whether cultural tourists are a blessing or blight, and considers the emerging implications for the sustainability of tourism in Malta, examining Malta as a sensitive test case for tourism development strategies.     

TECHNIQUES FOR INVESTIGATING THE ECONOMIC BASE OF CITIES

Economic-base analysis is applied to 15 small towns of Vologda Oblast in northern European Russia in an attempt to analyze the provision of services in these urban places. The employment structure of the town of Kadnikov, based on a “firm-by-firm” approach, is used as the standard to prorate total employment into basic and nonbasic components. The Kadnikov standard is then applied to the other towns and any excess in employment beyond the nonbasic Kadnikov standard is allocated to the basic sector. The higher proportion of basic employment in some of the study towns is interpreted as reflecting inadequate development of service activities. The analysis suggests that the small towns of Vologda Oblast are relatively well served by education, public health and retail trade-at any rate they are no worse off than the standard town, Kadnikov-but lag in the provision of housing and repair services. Economic-base concepts developed by J. W. Alexander and G. Alexandersson in the 1950s are used as a point of departure.     

On-line Model Updating in Hybrid Simulation Tests

Hybrid simulation has emerged as a relatively accurate and efficient tool for the evaluation of structural response under earthquake loading. In conventional hybrid simulation the response of a few critical components is obtained by testing while the numerical module is assumed to follow an analytical idealization. Where there is a much larger number of analytical components compared to the experimental parts, the overall response may be dominated by the idealized parts hence the value of hybrid simulation is diminished. It is proposed to modify the material constitutive relationship of the numerical model during the test, based on the data obtained from the physically tested component. An approach based on genetic algorithms is utilized as an optimization tool to identify the constitutive relationship parameters used in updating the numerical model. The proposed model updating approach is verified through two analytical examples of steel and reinforced concrete frames. The results show the effectiveness of the updating process in minimizing the errors, compared to the assumed exact solution.     

Strategic management for visitor-oriented museums

Abstract: Strategic management is a familiar concept in for-profit organisations but is relatively new to museums. This paper presents and discusses a model of strategic management for visitor-oriented museums that aims to be more comprehensive than current approaches. It shows how museums can overcome the tension between the strategic demand to develop visitor-oriented museum services and the duties and social mandate of museums as public institutions that are defined by cultural policy—enabling access to cultural heritage, promoting broad cultural participation and providing informal education. Visitor-oriented strategic museum management is concerned with attracting a variety of visitors as well as the development of museum services that are appropriate to diverse museum audiences. The model presented here emphasises the comprehensive strategic management concept. Audience research and evaluation are shown to be valuable analytic and revision tools for strategic management in visitor-oriented museums.     

Cruck Construction: A Survey of the Problems

Abstract

Surviving churches and documents are analysed for what they may reveal about the architectural context of the mass in early-medieval Ireland. This shows that there is no evidence to support the widely held view that the congregation stood outside. Instead, the variable but relatively small size of these churches expresses the fact that they served smaller and more diverse communities than their high-medieval successors. The altars in large episcopal and/or monastic churches seem positioned further west than those in relatively small, pastoral churches. In part, this was probably to facilitate relatively complex eucharistic liturgies. Externally defined chancels appear for the first time in the late 11th century AD in response to an increased emphasis on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Significantly, they occur at a handful of important sites whose clerics and patrons were in direct contact with Lanfranc of Canterbury, a key exponent of this doctrine.     

What Can Be Learned from Shell Fragments? Examples from World War II Battlefields in the Maritime Alps

Shells were the most deadly weapon used during the conflicts of the twentieth century involving industrialized nations. Astronomical numbers of them were produced and fired, making shell fragments the most common artefact to be found on modern battlefields. An understanding of shell fragments can therefore be useful to the battlefield archaeologist. This paper discusses the three main components of artillery shells and mortar shells: the body, the fuse and the rotating band for artillery shells or the tail-fin assembly for mortars. Analysing the fragments of these components can provide important information, including nationalities, types, and calibres of shells used in an area. Body fragments are the least useful, but can prove helpful if they are large, or contain markings, threads, or fragments of band seat. Rotating band fragments are extremely characteristic as well as easy to find, and a single fragment is usually sufficient to determine the exact type of shell it came from. Tail-fin assemblies are also specific of the mortar shell they were used on. Fuses are typically covered with highly informative markings such as dates of manufacture, lot numbers, or factory codes. Because the information derived from the analysis of various shell fragments is a cheap and relatively easy way to help maximize the understanding of a battlefield that is being investigated, any archaeologist working on a modern battlefield should familiarize themselves with this topic.     

Diurnal tide in the Antarctic and Arctic mesosphere/lower thermosphere regions

The behaviour of the diurnal tide at 95 km over various years between 1965 and 1986 is studied using radar data from Heiss Island (81°N), Mawson (67°S), Molodezhnaya (68°S) and Scott Base (78°S). The observations are also compared with the model results of FORBES and HAGAN [(1988) Planet. Space Sci. 36, 579] for the same latitudes. There are substantial fluctuations in amplitude and phase at all stations, particularly in winter. Phase fluctuations can be as large as a uniform random distribution over the 24-h cycle. In summmer the phases of the meridional components are well defined and suggest the presence of a dominant symmetric mode. The meridional amplitudes are larger in summer whereas the zonal components have a greater variation and show no significant variation with season.     

Spatial Patterns of Annual July-June Rainfall Fluctuations in Tropical Queensland, 1900/01 to 1979/80

Annual July-June (rather than January-December) rainfall is considered for the first 80 years of this century Le. 1900/01 to 1979/80, for 24 stations with uninterrupted records in tropical Queensland The aim is to define and examine spatial patterns of rainfall fluctuations, both in terms of categories of annual rainfall patterns and regional units with roughly comparable annual rainfall fluctuations. The essential characteristics of the categories and regions, defined by principal components analysis and a classification algorithm, are illustrated in a variety of maps, based on different methods of analysis. Relationships between their annual rainfall values and seasonal values of sea-surface temperatures for the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean are also examined The considerable degree of uniformity across tropical Queensland in terms of temporal rainfall fluctuations was counterbalanced by a variety of differences in detail that are organised on a regional basis.     

A HIERARCHICAL REGIONALIZATION OF RSFSR ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS USING 1966–69 MIGRATION DATA

The coefficients of migration intensity calculated by Rybakovskiy (see preceding article) are used to derive a system of migration regions, which are defined as groups of administrative units with maximum internal interaction and a minimum flow across migration-defining boundaries. The technique is based on the assumption that gross migration flows may provide a reasonably objective basis for determining practical boundaries within a national territory. The technique yields a hierarchy of regionalizations that is then compared with the official Soviet system of major economic regions. None of the 10 major economic regions in their entirety turn out to conform to strong migration components, although one migration cluster, focused on the Northwest, corresponds fairly closely to the official Northwest region. For the rest, administrative units of the Far East and Siberia are grouped together in one migration cluster, as are the southern Volga region and the North Caucasus. Units of the Central [Industrial] region also tend to cluster with those of the Central Chernozem region. However, the most tightly connected migration dyads and triads are found to be wholly contained within the official economic regions, so that the most highly intensive migration streams are found not to cross the boundaries between the official regions. (The study was supported by a grant of the National Science Foundation for work on applications of graph—theoretic clustering and transaction flow analysis in geography and regional science.)     

DEFINITION OF THE BOUNDARY OF MOSCOW'S ACTIVE ZONE OF INFLUENCE

The present boundaries of Moscow's suburban zone are tested by delineating a so-called zone of active influence of Moscow city based on demographic structure and the significance of commuting to work in the city. The most favorable age-sex structure, with a high percentage of population in the working age groups and a relatively high percentage of children, is found in a zone within 50 to 60 kilometers from the city limits. This zone generates a daily flow of more than 500,000 commuters to places of employment in Moscow, 90 percent of whom spend less than 110 to 120 minutes traveling each way. These commuters represent about 2 percent of the total working-age population in the suburban zone. On the basis of the demographic structure and commuting linkages, Moscow's zone of active influence is therefore defined as the zone within which 90 percent of the commuters reside, or within 52 kilometers of the city limits. This conforms roughly to the present definition of the suburban zone.     

Underlying Regularities to Mental Maps: An Investigation of Relationships among Age,Experience, and Spatial Preferences

Attempts were made to relate respondent characteristics to their stated residential preferences for a range of urban areas. Specifically, it was postulated that preferences are based on information, that direct experience is a major influence on information received, and respondent age affects the structuring of that information. To test these, preference data were collected from 181 Christchurch students of various age groups for 20 urban places. Principal components analyses of the total data matrix and of various sub-matrices defined by age groups and experience of the various places indicated substantial differences between the groups. Partial ordinal correlations indicated few clear relationships between preferences and the two independents, however. The conclusion must be that although age and experience apparently differentiate groups with different preferences, there are still many problems in finding order to these variations.     

云南祥云县检村石棺墓出土铜器的初步研究

为研究滇西地区青铜文化及相关铜器的制作技术,本研究采用扫描电镜和金相分析的方法,对云南祥云检村石棺墓出土的17件样品进行取样分析,结果表明祥云检村石棺墓出土的铜器以红铜为主,少数为Cu-Sn合金。这些器物的制作工艺主要是铸造、铸后冷加工等,制作工艺相对单一。3件编钟均为Cu-Sn合金,并且锡成分具有等比递增的现象。兵器矛经过鉴定后说明由于墓主身份的不同,随葬的矛也有实用器和随葬器两类。农具锸和工具锥和凿的鉴定表明有冷加工或使用过的痕迹,可能曾是实用器;而农具锄经鉴定并没有在农作中使用过,仅作为随葬品,进一步证明随葬铜锄是青铜时代滇西地区的一种丧葬习俗。分析表明,当时已根据不同器物的用途进行了不同的制作和加工。本研究结果对研究滇西青铜文化及金属技术有一定的意义。