SOCIAL-GEOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS IN THE REGULATION OF SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS IN A DEVELOPED SOCIALIST SOCIETY

An analysis of the impact of social development on forms of settlement and of the reverse impact of settlement forms on social processes. The author challenges the view that spatial forms have no bearing on social processes. The point is made by tabulating types of social contacts at various spatial levels and for different forms of settlement, from household to large urban agglomeration. The significance of information flows at different spatial levels is discussed. Large cities are found to have potential for the development of material and spiritual benefits that are lacking in smaller places. But since an integrated economy also requires smaller forms of settlement, ways must be found to provide a minimum set of material and cultural services at the lower level as well. Recommendations for raising the level of living in smaller Soviet populated places are offered.     

沂蒙山区大农业发展浅析

本文在分析对比山东省经济发展地域格局的基础上,指出了沂蒙山区经济发展趋势,结合本区农业发展条件和存在的问题,进一步提出了该区农业发展的对策。     

陇东地区城镇等级规模结构的分形研究

城镇体系的分形研究是城市地理学研究的新方向。文章从分形理论在城镇体系研究中的应用入手,以豪斯道夫(Hausdorff)维数为依据,借助Zipf公式,对甘肃省陇东地区的城镇等级规模结构进行了分维测算,结果表明该区域城镇体系具有分形特征,说明分形理论适合陇东地区城镇等级规模结构的测算分析。在分形的基础上分析了本区城镇规模结构的分布特点及其存在的问题:①首位城市规模不突出,其经济带动和功能辐射力量薄弱;②中间位序的城镇分布过于集中,人口分布显得比较均衡;③陇东地区城镇体系建设缺乏区际空间规模结构的发展。最后基于分形理论的测算与分析结果,提出了陇东地区城镇体系结构和功能优化的建议。     

贺兰山岩画博物馆选址分析

以文物遗址为依托的博物馆建设,一直是考古、历史、建筑、规划等专业人事关心和研究的课题之一。本文以贺兰山岩画博物馆选址为研究对象,在分析贺兰口岩画和聚落遗址空间分布特点的基础上,论述岩画、聚落遗址、生态环境与博物馆选址的关系,并着重从地段环境、生态环境、空间格局和视觉景观4个方面对拟选的3个方案进行综合比较分析,确定贺兰山岩画博物馆选址的最终方案,最后还为其他文物遗址博物馆选址提出了5条建设性原则。     

ON THE STUDY OF SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS BY MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Two Soviet regional planners test several spatial interaction models with particular reference to the Kuznetsk Basin (Kemerovo Oblast), the southern belt of West Siberia and a portion of the North Caucasus (Krasnodar Kray). Existing techniques, such as gravity and potential models, are found to work well in areas with relatively uniform settlement patterns, such as the steppe zone of Krasnodar Kray or the southern Ob'-Irtysh subregion of West Siberia, but not in areas with sharp contrasts in settlement patterns, such as the Kuznetsk Basin, where a linear highly urbanized belt is enclosed between sparsely populated mountains. In such contrasting settings, a combination of methods is required.     

A MICROGEOGRAPHY OF SETTLEMENT IN THE PAMIR HIGHLANDS

Settlement patterns in the Pamir highlands, the “roof of the world,” adjoining Afghanistan, offer a striking contrast between the western deep valleys inhabited by sedentary Pamir ethnic groups related to the Tadzhiks, and the eastern plateau-like highland with a sparse population of nomadic Kirghiz herders. The evolution of Pamir settlement during the Soviet period is analyzed, and recommendations are offered for the removal of remote small places from high elevations and for the merger of settlements into more viable population centers. (Data for the mid-1960s have been partly updated by the Editor to the mid-1980s.)     

中国西部省会城市中心性分析

中心性是反映城市为其以外地区提供服务能力大小的指标,也是衡量城市中心地位高低的重要依据。文章在借鉴国内城市中心性相关研究成果的基础上,根据统计资料提供的数据,分别计算出1984年、1995年和2001年西部省会城市的中心性指数;然后,根据不同时期中心性指数的变化,分析其中心地位的消长涨落;根据2001年中心性指数的大小,划分其中心地位的等级体系,并据此对西部省会城市未来发展的空间组织格局做出初步判断。     

长株潭地区聚落空间演化及其与耕地的空间关系研究

对2000年、2005年及2010年的遥感影像图进行解译,得到3个时期的土地利用分类图,运用景观指数法和空间分析法等方法,对长株潭地区聚落的空间演化特征及动因进行分析,并分析了聚落与耕地之间的空间关系。结果表明:长株潭地区聚落的面积、数量规模和分布密度加速扩大,集中分布在高程200 m以下;聚落空间演化的自然动因是低地平原指向,而社会动因是人口规模的变化;提出耕地与聚落面积比指数(K)概念,根据K值的大小可以将耕地与聚落的空间组合关系分为3类地区:耕地资源紧缺区、耕地资源平衡区、耕地资源盈余区;聚落与耕地的空间转移关系可以分为两大类:持续稳定型和动态变化型;长沙市周边耕地转为聚落的趋势十分明显;聚落空间扩张对耕地的影响存在一个空间临界点,城市化速度越快,临界点的位置距离聚落越远。     

JEWISH AND MORMON AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT IN WESTERN CANADA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Mormons and Jews established agricultural settlements in western Canada around the turn of the century. Mormon colonization was generally successful, characterized by its great stability. Abandonment of the land by Mormon communities was rare. In contrast, almost all the Jewish settlements failed. Settlers abandoned their land and retreated to the urban centres of the West. A comparative analysis of the two groups suggests that this difference in agricultural stability may not have been a reflection of prior experience, nor was it necessarily attributable to vagaries of the physical environment. Social structures, religious demands, and institutional backing, along with the geographical concentration and inter connectivity of settlements were critical elements in determining success or failure in agriculture colonization.
C'est au début du siècle que les Mormons et les juifs etablirent dans l'Ouest canadien leurs colonies agricoles. La colonisation des Mormons, caractérisée par sa grande stabilite, réussit dans l'ensemble; rares furent les colonies qu'ils abandonnèrent. Par contre, presque toutes les colonies juives echouerent; abandonnant leurs terres, les colons se retirerent dans les centres urbains de l'Ouest. Une analyse comparative des deux groupes permet de conchre que leur stabilite agricole relative ne fut pas necessairement fonction de leur experience prealable en agriculture; elle ne fut pas non plus attribuable aux seules contraintes géographiques et clirnatiques.
Les structures sociales, les exigences religieuses, l'appui de leurs établissements en plus de la proximité d'autres colonies et leurs interrelations, tous ces facteurs s'avérèrent cruciaux pour déterminer la reussite ou l'échec de la colonisation agricole.     

风险视角下的城市聚落形成模拟

幂次法则是普遍存在于自然科学和社会科学界的现象,而城市位序-规模法则是幂次法则在城市科学中的体现之一,然而特定城市规模分布一直缺乏完整的解释。本文尝试结合城市增长过程中土地开发行为的报酬递增规则与土地开发主体的风险认知行为,以城市增长的微观过程为切入视角模拟宏观城市聚落演化过程,进而探讨风险态度对城市聚落形态,尤其是对其规模分布的影响。研究结果表明：①即使城市聚落演化过程中存在多种风险态度,幂次法则在城市聚落的规模分布中仍保持着稳健性; ②现实世界中城市聚落规模分布的变异和稳定可能来自城市主体风险态度的多样性。     

华北平原农村居民点演变及社会经济影响因素分析

基于遥感图像分类解译数据,利用位序-规模模型、洛伦兹曲线、景观指数,定量识别了2000-2015年华北平原农村居民点空间分布、规模与形态演变特征,分析了社会经济因素的驱动机制。结果表明：华北平原农村居民点南-北方向呈显著的空间分异与集聚特征,密度分布呈现南密北疏的态势,与面积规模分布存在局域负相关;农村居民点景观指数显示出密度增大、形状更加规则、斑块面积差异增大、斑块间邻近距离不断缩短的变化特征;总人口数量和乡村户数等对农村居民点用地扩张具有促进作用,乡村常住人口、乡村从业人员数量等的作用为负。     

关于区域及其类型分析的理论研究

研究区域经济理论,首先要明确区域的基本概念,在此基础上正确确定区域的基本类型、并对问题区域采取对症下药的方法,寻求进一步提高宏观经济效益的基本途径。本文根据西方区域经济理论中的有关内容,试图从理论的角度对区域概念及其类型进行分析,为我国区域经济理论的研究,提供一些参考资料。     

山地旅游的非功用性体验研究——基于云南玉龙雪山游记的扎根理论分析

在旅游个性化、情感化、精神性消费渐成趋势背景下,具有丰富非功用性特质的山地旅游迎来发展新机遇.在提出山地旅游非功用性体验这一新概念的基础上,应用扎根理论分析方法对玉龙雪山案例地网络游记资料进行逐级编码,洞察山地旅游非功用性体验发展过程及实现方式等.研究表明:山地旅游非功用性体验是在山地旅游场的精神导引下、在情绪和情感的...     

京津冀地区城市间行业工资差异及影响因素分析

基于2005-2012年京津冀各城市工资及其它社会经济数据,探讨了市场潜能、产业集聚、人力资本、制度改革等因素对城市间各行业工资差异的影响。结果表明：①市场潜能对各行业工资水平的增长均有一定的促进作用。②除消费性服务业外,各类产业集聚对地区平均工资水平的提高均有一定的促进作用,但制造业集聚带来的拥挤效应也已开始体现;生产性服务业集聚能够带动公共性服务业工资的提升,而公共性服务业缺乏对生产性服务业的反哺;产业集聚对消费性服务业工资缺乏带动作用。③在控制变量方面,交通基础设施对工资水平的带动作用逐渐弱化;科技投入、人力资本对服务业工资水平的带动作用较高,而对制造业影响较弱;市场经济体制改革对工资水平的带动作用仍未体现;政府市场干预能力的提高仅带动了公共性服务业工资的提升,而外向度的提升则仅对公共性服务业缺乏带动作用。     

WAYS OF IMPROVING SETTLEMENT IN WEST SIBERIA

A paper devoted to the settlement system and the problem of rural population loss in that portion of West Siberia having a significant agricultural base takes issue with some implicit assumptions incorporated within the General Scheme of Settlement within the USSR. More specifically, policies calling for the deliberate, i.e., forced, resettlement of rural population in selected villages in order to provide economies of scale in rural services provision are criticized on two major counts: (1) that such “enlarged” settlements will still be too small to be allocated the necessary range of functions according to standard city-planning formulae, and (2) that they accelerate rural depopulation by serving as spring-boards for migration to still larger centers. (Translated by Andrew R. Bond.)     

1932-1979年山东省城镇体系结节地域结构的变动分析

论文利用1932年山东省进口洋货的流通数据和1979年36种大宗商品的流向计划数据,分析了两年度山东省城镇体系结节地域结构的变动,有以下发现:第一,1932-1979年山东省城市结节地域融合和裂解并存。第二,物资供销区划中二级站的供应范围在济南、青岛、济宁、潍县、烟台结节地域的扩展和回缩中发挥了重要作用。第三,1932-1979年结节地域的城市等级结合型式由简单的等级联系的克里斯泰勒型结构向复杂的等级联系、水平联系、上方联系并存的普雷德型结构转变。这一转变过程中城市工业职能的专门化分工发挥了重要作用。     

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF SETTLEMENT IN THE KMA

A paper devoted to demographic and labor-related issues in the development of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly focuses on the need to improve labor productivity and services provision (particularly health care) in emerging industrial nodes of the complex. Such measures are expected both to promote labor retention and reduce labor inputs necessary to achieve the same amount of work. A key element of future labor strategy, given current low levels of natural increase within the region, is the recruitment and retention of labor from outside the region and the planned development of settlement to reduce negative environmental impacts (translated by Andrew R. Bond).     

伊洛地区裴李岗至二里头文化时期复杂社会的演变——地理信息系统基础上的人口和农业可耕地分析

The Yiluo basin is the heartland of the origin of early states in China.Based on the archaeological data from the undergoing Yiluo Project,as well as theories and methods of population estimation,carrying capacity,and catchment productivity developed during the past decades in the West,this paper constructs a GIS based study detailing population fluctuation and development of social complexity in the surveyed region from the Peiligang to Erlitou period.The basic framework of this paper's study consists of t...