National Atlases

The concept of national atlas is reviewed in light of experience gained since such a specific category of cartographic production was first suggested in 1958 by K. A. Salishchev. On the basis of analysis of the structure and content of 14 atlases, a set of definitions and criteria is drawn up that would qualify an atlas as truly national. Aside from being limited to the territory of a single country, such an atlas should devote roughly 70 to 85 percent of its total space to maps of the physical environment, population and ecomnomy. The atlas content should be on a scholarly level reflecting the state of the art, for use principally as an aid in the evaluation of territory, of the production base and of manpower resources for purposes of economic and social planning. Among the principal map sections, greater weight given to economic maps is justified in highly developed, industrial countries, while more attention to the physical base tends to be given in countries where agriculture is still the basis of the nation's economy. The atlases of Colombia and Kenya devote less than 50 percent of their space to environment, population and economy and therefore would not qualify. Neither, in the author's view, does the atlas of Salvador, which allocates 68 percent of space to agriculture and only 12 percent to the physical base.     

Integrated Regional Geographic Atlases

The author reviews work on atlases of Soviet republics and oblasts published in 1961–64, containing maps on physical geography, population, economy and culture. He finds that these atlases suffer from a lack of practical purposefulness and inadequate coordination. These weaknesses are to be remedied in a new coordinated project of natural-resource atlases of the major republics and economic regions of the USSR initiated in 1963.     

Geological Maps in National Atlases

The author reviews the group of geological maps in national atlases, comparing the form and content of geological-stratigraphic, tectonic, mineral-deposits, lithological-petrographic and Quaternary-deposits maps and making recommendations for greater uniformity of such maps in national atlases.     

THE PRESENT STATE AND TASKS OF COMPLEX MAPPING IN THE USSR

Recent developments in the Soviet Union's program of national thematic mapping and regional complex mapping are reviewed. A comprehensive mapping program along these lines, formulated in 1969 by GUGK, the government planning agency, has not been implemented. National thematic maps in the Soviet Union continue to be compiled by individual government agencies without coordination and without uniformity in legend and design, so that comparability is made difficult. The only thematic GUGK maps now being prepared are concerned with two long-term regional development programs in the Soviet Union–the rural development plan for the Nonchernozem zone of the European RSFSR and the construction of the Baykal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railroad in the Soviet Far East. The need for a comprehensive and coordinated program of national thematic maps and regional atlases or map series is once again stressed in connection with economic planning and environmental problems, and a program of continuously updated regional atlases, based on digital data banks, is proposed. Suggestions are also made for the coordination of thematic maps at the international level.     

民族地区构建和谐社会探析

民族地区和谐社会建设是社会主义和谐社会建设的重要组成部分。当前,影响民族地区社会和谐的主要因素有自然环境、基础条件、地区差别、民族宗教、人口素质等方面。因此,只有处理好民族关系,加快经济发展,推动社会全面进步,坚持和完善民族区域自治制度,才能不断加快民族地区构建和谐社会的进程。     

Maps of Waters of the Land in National Atlases

In this article, which is part of a series on national atlases, the author makes recommendations for the selection of maps and map content to be incorporated into the atlas section devoted to the water resources of the land. She divides the maps into two major classes: maps of drainage patterns, and maps of the characteristics of stream regime.     

A Speculative Model of Population Influences on Australian Ecology,Economy and Society

A lack of empirical data and sufficient conceptual frameworks precluded the 1994 national population inquiry from proposing demographic targets for the future ‘carrying capacity’ of Australia. A speculative model is proposed here of population impacts in the ecological, economic, social and relational domains. The model is ‘run’ under scenarios of growing and stable population so that key interactions can be explored and thereby advance debate about broader population policy in Australia.     

上海、东京城市化进程及动力因子比较研究

本文以中国上海和日本东京为案例地,从人口、经济、土地、社会,城市化内涵的四个方面入手,运用熵值法对上海1985-2012 年和东京1954-2009 年的城市化水平进行综合测度,对比分析二者城市化进程,其次利用主成分回归法对二者城市化进程的驱动因子进行对比分析。结果表明：①上海目前处于城市化继续发展阶段,以城市经济的增长和土地面积的扩张为主要特征;东京目前处于城市化稳定发展阶段,经济的迅速发展和社会服务体系的完善是其城市化的主要体现;②城市化进程动力因子对比显示,上海主要依靠投资、内需及城市土地扩张推动,经济外向力作用相对较弱,而东京城市化动力中经济外向力作用明显。     

AN EXAMINATION OF POPULATION-GROWTH-MANAGING COMMUNITIES

This paper examines the fiscal, social, economic and environmental characteristics of 228 cities and counties. Using cluster analysis, 210 communities were classified into eleven types of communities. The empirical typings appear to support the proposition that communities control population growth to avoid adverse fiscal and environmental impacts and maintain the social and economic character of the community.     

中国人口老龄化的特点、成因及对策分析

人口老龄化是人口年龄结构的变化,是社会经济发展影响人口发展过程的必然产物,同时将对社会经济发展和未来人口变化产生深刻的影响。我国同时是世界人口大国和老年人口大国,老龄化过程有着自身的特点和独特的成因机制。本文通过定量分析,认为我国人口老龄化的特征表现在四个方面:①人口转变迅速,老龄化进程快;②老年人口绝对数量大,低龄老人多,高龄老人增长速度快;③人口老化与综合国力发展不相适应;④人口老龄化的区域差异显著。计划生育政策的推行和人口寿命的延长是我国人口老龄化的直接原因。最后提出了解决我国人口老龄化问题的对策与措施:转变观念,科学、辨证地认识人口老龄化问题;努力提高劳动生产率,增强经济承受能力;建立符合我国国情的养老保障体系和老年照料体系;建立健康的老年型社会。     

浅谈我国少数民族传统体育运动会的发展

我国少数民族传统体育内容丰富,形式多样,反映出我国各少数民族文化的丰富内涵。在新时期,随着市场经济的发展,民族传统体育呈现出新的特点。只有顺应社会发展需求,不断改革传统体育存在的不适宜社会发展的内容,我国的少数民族传统体育运动会才能呈现出勃勃生机。     

新阶段青海农村牧区扶贫开发研究

经过30年扶贫开发,青海省农牧区贫困区域、贫困人口构成、贫困程度等都发生了变化,呈现出新的特点。今后的扶贫开发要突破过去传统的、单纯的经济扶贫模式,做到开发式扶贫与救济式挟贫并重,移民性扶贫与生态性扶贫并举,把改造贫困地区的经济落后面貌与改造文化落后面貌结合起来,把发展生产、改善生态环境与转变思想观念相结合起来,体现以人为本、社会公正、政治稳定、民族团结、生态保护、持续发展的新思维。     

九十年代我国人文、经济地理学应重点研究的几个分支学科

本文在认真总结建国以来我国人文经济地理学科取得成就基础上,根据国民经济建设和社会发展需要,提出了99年代我国人文经济地理学应重点研究乡村地理、人口地理、灾害地理、犯罪地理、旅游地理等五个分支学科,并对各分支学科应重点研究内容进行了概述.     

建设以非洲地理研究为特色的非洲学——南京大学非洲地理研究成果回顾与展望

论文全面回顾了南京大学非洲地理研究发展的历史,从自然地理、能源地理、农业地理、矿产地理、工业地理、人口与城市地理等方面总结了南京大学非洲地理的重要领域。指出了当前研究的困境与不足,并探讨了今后南京大学非洲地理研究应关注的重点。     

晚清政治思想超前发展述论

超前于社会经济的发展,是晚清政治思想的重要特点.鸦片战争以后,民族危机日见严重,传统的政治文化面对数千年来未有之变局无能为力,于是有识之士纷纷提出向西方(包括甲午后的日本)学习要求.相比较而言,政治思想的学习远比社会经济变革来得快.近代政治思想的超前发展带动了社会变革.但是,不是建立在中国近代社会发展的基础上的近代政治思想缺憾甚多,并给晚清社会的变革留下若干负面影响.     

Money,citizenship, territoriality and the proposals for North American Monetary Union

Discussions regarding a possible North American Monetary Union (NAMU) between Canada and the United States exploded in 1999. Advocates of a NAMU emphasized the economic benefits to be had by creating a supra-national currency across the world's largest trading partners, including the elimination of transaction and hedging costs; the creation of a less volatile trading area; and an anticipated increase in the intensity of continental trade. But what impact would a NAMU have on the relationship between the state and civil society, particularly vis-à-vis social citizenship? This paper examines the potential impact of the proposed NAMU with respect to three aspects of state–society relationships: (1) national community and belonging; (2) political sovereignty and accountability; and (3) social rights and the welfare state. In so doing, I set out a framework for thinking about how the national organization of money in Western nation-states, a territorialization that was coterminous with the formation of a national economy, is interconnected with the rise of social citizenship in the early 20th century. Understanding the constitutive relationship between currencies and citizenship suggests ways that social, cultural and political concerns need to be taken into consideration in the restructuring of monetary organization.     

西域屯田预期嬗变的历史动因分析

屯田西域事关国家安全和发展的大局。从汉代至清代西域屯田的发展历程,国家对屯田西域的预期收益有一个嬗变过程：从最初经略西域的军事供给,到其后边疆安全与地区经济发展并重,以至于通过移民屯田与边疆经济开发保障边疆安全和社会稳定成为最重要的目标。国家作为实现屯田预期目标的主体,其综合实力和对西域的战略定位决定着屯田目标的实现程度。因此从国家战略、屯田形式和屯田区域等方面分析屯田西域预期嬗变的动因,对今天的国家西部发展战略有着借鉴意义。     

Scientific Principles for a General Long-Range Scheme of Location of the Productive Forces of the USSR

The general long-range scheme of economic location, evidently being worked out by the Council for Study of Productive Forces, Gosplan USSR, involves three aspects: a regional aspect, designed to determine the regional specialization and the prospects of an integrated regional economy on a given resource base; an analysis of economic sectors, evaluating locational factors in specific industries, types of farming, and transportation; and a “synthetic” analysis of major national development problems, such as manpower redistribution, utilization of the underemployed population of small towns, rational use of energy and water resources, etc.).     

SOCIAL COST MINIMIZATION: A NATIONAL POLICY APPROACH TO THE PROBLEMS OF DISTRESSED ECONOMIC REGIONS*

This paper makes a distinction between output maximizing and cost minimizing approaches to national economic policy. The paper argues that because the benefits of economic activity and its cost are frequently conferred upon distinct groups in society, it is not automatically true that output maximization is the best strategy, as is presently assumed. This result is especially true when the problems of distressed economic regions are the focus of our concern. The national and multi-national firms which make decisions pertaining to the economic life of local communities make those decisions not on the basis of the costs and benefits to the community, but with regard to their private balance sheet. As a result, it frequently happens that communities of individuals must bear social costs far in excess of the private gains to the firms in question. From a policy standpoint, this is not an efficient use of our social and economic resources. In the absence of any type of comprehensive economic planning a rational market-oriented economic strategy would be one which seeks to minimize social costs.     

对城市社会文化要素经营的探讨

在经济全球化与经济文化一体化的趋势中,社会文化要素对经济活动的影响日渐深刻。本文分析了社会文化要素对城市竞争力和城市经营的影响,认为城市经营必须重视对社会文化要素的经营。在分析了城市社会文化要素经营内容的基础上,提出了当前中国城市社会文化要素经营的着力点。