Two middle Cambrian trilobite genera,Cyclolorenzella Kobayashi, 1960 and Jiulongshania gen. nov., from Korea and China

As is widely recognised, fossil florules are difficult to correlate because they appear to have been more controlled by environmental and ecological factors than uniform changes which reflect the passage of geological time. Here I present a worked example of a generally applicable approach to this problem in dating and mapping fossil plant associations.

Floral associations are best described and named by the classical methods of phytosociology. The three dimensional shape of an association in rocks and its palaeoecology can then be critically assessed. For example, during Middle Triassic time the following plant associations would have been encountered on a traverse from the coast to several hundred kilometres inland from the Pacific margin of Gondwanaland: Pachydermophylletum (mangrove scrub), Linguifolietum (coastal swamp woodland), Dicroidietum odontopteroidium (floodplain forest), Phoenicopsetum (levee bank scrub), Dicroidietum odontopteroidium xylopterosum (xerophytic woodland) and Johnstonietum (mallee-like woodland).

The fourth dimension of fossil plant associations (time) is best assessed from the evolution of a prominent group of plants. In conjunction with the ranges of other plant megafossils, evolutionary changes can be used to define Oppel-zones. For the Late Permian to Early Jurassic of eastern Australasia, I have used the evolution of Dicroidium and leaves of related pteridosperm plants together with other species of restricted stratigraphic range or prominent in the definition of the fossil plant associations. From this evidence four Oppel-zones can be recognised. ‘Thinnfeldia’ callipteroides Oppel-zone (Chhidruan to Smithian, 250–230 × 10⁶ years), Dicroidium zuberi Oppel-zone (Smithian to Middle Anisian, 230–220 × 10⁶ years), D. odontopteroides Oppel-zone (Late Anisian to Ladinian, 220–210 × 10⁶ years) and Yabeiella Oppel-zone (Carnian to Rhaetian, 210–200 × 10⁶ years.

In a complete revision of the pteridosperm form-genera Dicroidium, Johnstonia and Xylopteris, a large number of new combinations and the following new taxa are proposed; Dicroidium gouldii sp. nov., D. odontopteroides var. argenteum var. nov., D. odontopteroides var. moltenense var. nov., D. radiatum sp. nov., D. townrovii sp. nov. and Johnstonia coriacea var. obesa var. nov.     

大连会展业管理模式研究

本文简单回顾了大连会展业的发展历程,通过对大连会展业管理模式所涉及的政府与市场、行业协会等要素的分析,认为目前大连会展业管理模式的特征为：政府的主导和扶持力度较大;市场化的运行机制尚需培育;会展行业协会缺位。最后,作者构建了大连会展业的合理管理模式。     

Amplitudes of orbitally induced climatic cycles and patterns of hominin speciation

Palaeoanthropologists and archaeologists have long invoked climate change to explain aspects of human evolution. Collection of new climatic and environmental data combined with new fossil discoveries and methodological improvements continue to make exploration of this link a vital endeavour in studying human evolution. The current study employs a global climatic dataset and a rigorously compiled catalogue of hominin first and last appearance dates to test the effects of changes in temperature on hominin speciation and extinction. Through the use of wavelet analysis and bandpass filters the eccentricity, obliquity, and precession components of the studied climatic record are extracted and tested independently for associations with patterns of speciation and extinction. Results suggest that all three components may play a role in speciation events, but that only the obliquity cycle shows a statistically significant relationship with extinction events. It is suggested that, whilst climatic factors could contribute to the appearance of new hominin species, subsequent competition between these species may lead to their extinction.     

On Theme and Variation

Abstract

The ways in which the author, the sculptor Peter Randall-Page, has made use of the ideas of D’Arcy Thompson are described. How Thompson showed that commonalities of form and pattern exist across the biological and abiotic realms is described, and the implications that physical constraints limit and sometimes dominate the capabilities of evolutionary natural selection are explored. Since we evolved in a world shaped in this manner, the likelihood that this palette of forms is one that carries strong psychological meanings and associations is examined, and the ways in which these forms are a rich source of inspiration and allusion for visual artists are discussed, hinting at the play of opposing tendencies, the dance between order and randomness, and the ways in which nature can derive variations on a theme.     

Motel by the Roadside: America's Room for the Night

The origins of the American motel are rooted in the traveler's use of the automobile. After 1910 the need for inexpensive overnight facilities convenient to the roadside led to the establishment of auto camps in the United States, especially in the West. In the East, the tourist home served a similar function. The highway traveler's rejection of the hotel (most hotels were located in congested downtowns and lacked adequate parking facilities) prompted the rapid evolution of cabin camps, cottage courts, motor courts, motor inns, and, eventually, highway hotels. Standardizing influences were exerted first through trade associations and then through chain and franchise corporations. Changing motel morphology was characterized by evolution rather than revolution until the revised tax code of 1954 and the Highway Act of 1956 vastly accelerated motel construction attracting corporate investors. Hotels and today's larger motels are very similar with increased emphasis on public as opposed to private space and increased formality. Thus in fifty years the motel has come full cycle as an alternative to hotel accommodation.     

The technology Of the yamnaya (pit grave) ceramic production And its relevance to the population history Of the volga-ural region in the early bronze age

Based on ceramic assemblages from the Yamnaya (Pit Grave) culture burials, the technology of pottery manufacture practiced by the Early Bronze Age people of the Middle Volga–Southern Ural region is described. The analysis follows the methodology developed by A.A. Bobrinsky. The results are used for reconstructing the origin and evolution of the Pit Grave culture. The role of ceramics in Early Bronze Age funerary ritualism is discussed.     

The evolution of soil management practices in early Jamaican sugar planting

The wealth of Jamaica in the late 1700s was based upon a sugar planting system. Although contemporaries carefully and fully described this system, they neglected to comment upon its evolution. This paper discusses the evolution of the system's soil management practices during its formative period and compares these techniques to those of related agricultural systems of other places. The interpretation of this information assumes that the evolution of agricultural practices on early Jamaica was consistent with models developed within general evolutionary theory. Several key practices, which originated in Britain, were selectively transferred to Jamaica both directly and indirectly through Barbados, the first British sugar colony in the Caribbean. Those practices which survived in Jamaican agriculture were often modified to adapt them to the island's distinctive physical, social and economic environment.     

Convecting towards the catastrophe of substorm onset

A nonlinear model of substorm evolution is constructed which self-consistently unifies the directly driven and the loading-unloading systems. Using only the principle that the magnetosphere minimizes its potential energy within the constraints imposed by external conditions, substorms are described with reference to trajectories on a cusp catastrophe surface. The model predicts the conditions required for substorm onset and the amount of energy explosively released at the beginning of the expansive phase.     

High-latitude tidal behavior in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

The high-latitude structure of the mean winds and tides is described in this paper using climatologies prepared from radar data during the Atmospheric Tides Middle Atmosphere Program. The monthly evolution of the amplitude and phase of the tides is discussed. Comparison between the southern and northern hemispheres indicate that the diurnal tide is stronger in the southern hemisphere and that the antisymmetric diurnal tidal modes are dominant. The semidiurnal tide is larger than the diurnal tide. The vertical wavelength structure is significantly different between the southern and northern hemisphere. Comparisons with recent tidal models show several discrepancies.     

Plant Communities and the Dynamics of Natural Systems

Plant communities are viewed as a factor of both stabilization and transformation of natural systems. Two categories of subdivisions of the plant cover are distinguished: phytocenomers, which are the object of vegetation classification, and phytocenochores, which are units of geobotanic regionalization. The two categories are compared at the planetary, regional, and topologic levels. A plant association is viewed as a dynamic system building up through a series of variable structures to the ultimate indigenous, invariant, climax structure. The evolution of an association is depicted in the form of a graph, in which the vertices designate the various states leading to the climax association, and the edges the probable transitions from one state to another. The graph is plotted on a system of coordinates reflecting both the time period of these transformations and their effect (in terms of increases or decreases of the total plant mass). The technique is illustrated with two specific associations: the forb-tyrsa association of the Transbaykal steppe, and the fir, low-grass, green-moss association of the southern tayga (boreal forest).     

《西安市地图集》的总体设计与编制特征

本文论述了《西安市地图集》的总体设计与编制特征:表现多学科、多层次的研究成果,追求城市特色,突出时空动态制图,加强综合性,强化实用性,多样的表现形式和现代的制印技术。     

Models of medieval and pre-medieval territorial organisation: with a select bibliography

The author synthesizes some Swedish investigations into area- and form-planning of administrative units, parishes and divisions of these, as well as of areas for clearing which were already divided up among the part-owners. The areas, which are described in a metrological notation system based on original length-measures and comparable area-measures, are combined with the corresponding cameralistic units of tax assessments. These have been reconstructed directly from medieval and sixteenth-century soures including evidence of much older relict units. The combined geometrical and cameralistic material gives the basis for models of (1) the spatial structure of rural landscape in different phases of evolution and (2) their evolution through centuries, the area of arable land or arable and meadow together being the key variable. Finally, it is shown that a regional planning system, which was probably introduced in parts of Middle Sweden in the eleventh century metrologically coincides with an organisation system probably also used in Northern Wales in the tenth century.     

Crossing the many borders: Finnish local development policies facing new challenges

In this briefing the changing context that has drawn both researchers and policymakers’ attention towards quality of policy processes are dealt with. First the evolution of the Finnish local development activities is described, second the demands that contemporary societal changes raise for local economic development policies are considered, and third the question how current developments affect local development policy‐making is evaluated, and the significance of crossing the many borders is raised.     

The Noble Traders: the Islamic Tradition of “Spiritual Chivalry” (futuwwa) in Bosnian Trade‐guilds (16th−19th centuries)

Abstract: Originally linked to the military associations of the Middle Ages, the Islamic tradition of futuwwa was with time inherited by artisanship associations. The Anatolian Akh?s of the 14^th century represent an important link in the evolution of the futuwwa tradition, and it was thanks to them that this tradition survived well into the Ottoman era, this time within the framework of the more centralized, professional trade‐guilds. Together with other Ottoman institutions, administrative, military and economic, Ottoman crafts and their trade‐guilds appeared in Bosnia soon after the final fall of the country to the Ottomans in 1463. Sources which provide information on the organization and activities of Bosnian guilds also give a picture of their religious character and, related to it, the presence of futuwwa tradition within them. The most important of these sources are those that originate from the guilds themselves, the guild defters and their statutes, which are often called fütüvetnames. A number of documents of this kind found in Bosnia illustrate a strong presence of different futuwwa traditions within Bosnian guilds from their establishment well into the 19^th century, while some also provide valuable information on the futuwwa tradition in Ottoman guilds in general.     

Late Silurian and Early Devonian biostratigraphy in the Hill End Trough and the Limekilns area,New South Wales

Precordilleran Late Palaeozoic brachiopod genera considered for this palaeobiogeographical analysis belong to four faunal associations: the low diversity Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) Protocanites scalabrinii-Azurduya chavelensis Zone; the Late Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Moscovian) Levipustula fauna, which appears in sequences associated with glacial intervals; the latest Carboniferous-earliest Permian (Gzhelian-Asselian) Rhipidomella-Micraphelia and Tuberculatella-Aseptella associations, and the Early Permian (mid to late Asselian) Tivertonia jachalensis-Streptorhynchus inaequiornatus Biozone. The brachiopod affinities of the Precordillera are compared with the biogeographical Late Palaeozoic regions previously suggested by other authors using cluster analysis. During the Bashkirian-Moscovian, the Precordilleran faunas show a high affinity with the Austral Realm because of the presence of the Levipustula faunal elements in Eastern Australia. At the same time the affinity with the central and North American Regions is very low. The Early Permian Precordilleran faunas demonstrate highest affinity with the Gondwanan Realm with several genera also linked to the Tethyan and Boreal Realms. After the Late Carboniferous glacial episodes that affected the southwestern Gondwanan margin, the Precordilleran region underwent climatic amelioration. Subsequently, the Early Permian Precordilleran brachiopod assemblages are characterized by typical cool to cold water genera widely developed in the core Gondwanan Realm, with fewer genera (such as Kochiproductus, Rhynchopora and Neochonetes) suggesting a warmer water influence. The Precordilleran faunas demonstrate an increase in brachiopod diversity from the Carboniferous to the Permian, related to water temperature changes and to the palaeogeographical evolution of the southwestern Gondwanan margin and the movement of Gondwana across the South Pole.     

Eselsohren: the Journal of History of Art,Architecture and Urbanism, 1/1, 2013

Abstract

This article first describes the prime movers surviving in three Irish distilleries, and shows how steam and water power were used in conjunction at two of them. The second section describes surviving stationary steam engines in other industries, and these are described in order of technological development, so giving an indication of the evolution of the stationary steam engine between about 1895 and 1940.     

History of infarction of the spinal cord

In 1825 Astley Cooper described the first account of ligation of the abdominal aorta. The patient developed loss of feeling in his lower limbs, incontinence of urine and died after several days. A post mortem was carried out but not, unfortunately, of the spinal cord. This case was recorded again by Astley Cooper, by Brock in 1940-41, and again by Ellis in 1994. Whilst there was early recognition of infarction of the brain, infarction of the spinal cord was thought to be almost unknown by Charcot in 1883 but it was recorded in the English literature by Bastian in 1886 and Williamson in 1894. There were isolated case reports but it was the advent of major surgery upon the aorta in the Second World War that drew attention to the frequency of this condition. The subsequent evolution of our recognition of infarction of the cord is described. The present situation, where it can be caused by a fall in blood pressure without there being direct interference to the blood supply, is evaluated.     

The characteristics of VHF radar echoes from the tropopause region near a jet stream

Measurements carried out with the SOUSY radar system to the south-east of a jet stream during a night in November 1981 are described. Particular attention is paid to the association between power and spectral width of echoes returned from the vicinity of the tropopause located near 12 km. A negative association is found between power and spectral width of echoes from 150 m height channels between 10.65 km and 11.70 km, both with the radar beam directed vertically and at 7° to the vertical in the northerly and easterly directions. Evidence for a positive association is only found for height channels centred at 11.85 and 12.15 km and then chiefly with the beam directed vertically. A partial correlation analysis suggests that the possible influences of the finite beamwidth of the radar system and of wind shear on the spectral width do not affect the associations found. The results are discussed in terms of the scattering and partial reflection mechanisms giving rise to the echoes.     

The Upper Paleolithic Assemblages of Shugnou,Tajikistan

Lithic industries from the key strati?ed Upper Paleolithic site at Shugnou, Tajikistan, are described. Results of the technological, typological, and attributive analyses suggest that the industries of all horizons represent a single cultural tradition. Its evolution was marked by a gradual transformation of the microblade technology with the use of carinate techniques. This tradition is paralleled by lithic assemblages from Kulbulak layers 2.1 and 2.2, Kyzyl-Alma-2, and Dodekatym-2, Uzbekistan     

History of Infarction of the Spinal Cord

In 1825 Astley Cooper described the first account of ligation of the abdominal aorta. The patient developed loss of feeling in his lower limbs, incontinence of urine and died after several days. A post mortem was carried out but not, unfortunately, of the spinal cord. This case was recorded again by Astley Cooper, by Brock in 1940-41, and again by Ellis in 1994. Whilst there was early recognition of infarction of the brain, infarction of the spinal cord was thought to be almost unknown by Charcot in 1883 but it was recorded in the English literature by Bastian in 1886 and Williamson in 1894. There were isolated case reports but it was the advent of major surgery upon the aorta in the Second World War that drew attention to the frequency of this condition. The subsequent evolution of our recognition of infarction of the cord is described. The present situation, where it can be caused by a fall in blood pressure without there being direct interference to the blood supply, is evaluated.