The Forest Products Industry,A Specialized Activity of the Sos'va Valley Section of the Ob' Basin

The construction of the Ivdel'—Ob' railroad has opened up the rich timber resources of the Sos'va section of the Ob' River basin. Fifteen logging centers are in operation along the rail line, shipping 3.5 million cubic meters of timber, mainly as roundwood. Selective logging practices used at the present time tend to deplete timber reserves more rapidly than planned. To preserve the Sos'va region as a long-term supplier of timber for the industrial regions of the USSR, sound forest management is recommended, including multipurpose utilization of felled timber and reforestation. The forest products industry will be more economical if about 70 percent of the felled timber is converted into marketable wood products in major mill complexes planned for the region, leaving 30 percent for shipment as roundwood (pitprops, pulpwood, shipbuilding timber). The proposed Lower Ob' hydroelectric power project, even with the lower normal headwater surface now under consideration, would prevent economic development of the region by flooding valuable resource lands.     

The Formation of Functional Types of Settlements in the Southern Tayga

The original settlement pattern of farming villages in the Angara-Yenisey river district, which dates from the 17th century, has been greatly altered by the introduction of new economic activities, such as gold mining, lumbering, and transport services. A flow of population from agriculture to industry has been evident in the steady decline of population in farming villages, many of which have been amalgamated with adjoining industrial settlements.     

Geographical Problems of Development of the Tayga (Northern Forest)

The author reviews the geographer's role in the study of the tayga environment from the viewpoint of resource development and the contribution geographers can make in the formulation of development plans for the tayga, which occupies one-third of the Soviet Union's total area. Published research and future study projects are discussed.     

陈云解决1951年棉花“禁运”危机的谋略

1951年陈云解决棉花禁运危机的谋略是:节流,全国大部分纱厂在一定时期内停工,节约出原料供应军品生产;统购,实行统一收购管理棉纱、棉布市场,由合作社牵头对棉花进行预购和包收;调控,提高棉花收购价格和棉布、棉纱销售价格,补收中间商存量的棉、布税,给予出售棉花者优惠政策,提高棉农售棉积极性;促收,动员全党全国掀起购棉高潮。在陈云市场与计划相结合、行政手段与调价措施相结合的思想指导下,处理因禁运而出现的棉花危机的经济斗争取得了胜利,对新中国恢复时期经济的发展起到了重要的支持作用。     

An Approach to Large-Scale Mapping of Seasonal Aspects of Bird Populations in the Coastal Section of the Middle Sikhote-Alin Mountains

Summer, autumn and winter maps of bird populations in a nature reserve of the Sikhote-Alin Mountains (Maritime Region of the Soviet Far East) were compiled to analyze seasonal change in species distributions and total population. (Data were inadequate for compilation of a spring population map.) Two basic types of seasonal change can be distinguished: (1) a sharp increase in species diversity and total population in autumn, total absence in winter, and a smaller population peak in spring are typical of water and shore habitats; (2) a relatively gradual decline in bird numbers from summer to winter and renewed increase from winter to summer are characteristic of low-mountain broadleaf forest and the forest-meadow habitats of coastal depressions filled with lagoonlike lakes.     

Impacts of Human Activity on Landscapes in Central Brazil: a Case Study in the Araguari Watershed

This paper outlines the main geomorphological characteristics of the Araguari River Basin and describes the human‐induced changes to the landscapes. This region, naturally occupied by savannas, has been strongly altered by human activities over the previous 40 years. Summarised information is derived from geomorphological, geological and pedological maps, supported by field work. The paper is divided into two main parts. The first shows the natural arrangement of the landscapes in the hydrographic basin, demonstrating the relationships between structural and geomorphic units. Information about superficial materials and current processes and some observations on the evolution of these landforms are presented here. The second part describes the changes in the basin due to anthropic activities, considering types of erosion, channel changes and urban problems. These activities are divided between rural and urban areas, showing the differences between the operations of these sensitive systems. The paper also notes the main research in progress in this basin, presents some partial results and comments on future perspectives.     

Transport Infrastructure in the Mountains: Why and How to Protect Landscape with Human Activity as Part of its Heritage

In mountain areas without permanent settlements, human activity is entirely dependent on spatial interaction. For centuries, local and regional traffic has followed livestock trails and footpaths. Mainly during the 20th century, new public and private roads changed this situation significantly in large parts of Norway. While mountain summer farming decreased, hydropower development and leisure use became dominant. Protected areas have been established to preserve possibilities for outdoor recreation and ‘wilderness’. However, seasonal farming activity is still an important upholder of cultural heritage. In the investigated area in western Norway, parallels between accessibility and human activity on mountain summer farmsteads have been identified with the abandonment of dairy production between ca 1905 and 1973, recent use by landowners and hikers’ use of publicly accessible tourist cabins. Increased differences in accessibility and protection status have resulted in diversification of human activity in different locations. Custom and tradition represent different principles according to which cultural landscape can be maintained—with emphasis on dynamics or invariance, respectively. Recent landscape protection focuses primarily on tradition. The necessity of easy access to maintain the living cultural heritage in addition to ‘wilderness’ areas, however, requires taking both concepts into account, most probably treated as geographically separate.     

奥克弗诺基沼泽 美国国家野生动物保护区的综合保育案例

正被列入美国《世界遗产预备名录》和《世界重要湿地名录》的奥克弗诺基沼泽国家野生动物保护区,拥有北美洲最大的黑水沼泽,这里也是全球最大的具有自然水文特征的淡水湿地生态系统之一。保护区内生物多样性极高,还是红冠树鴷等受威胁物种的栖息地。保护区自1937年成立以来,在湿地、火情以及陆地生境管理方面走过不少弯路,也积累了     

人类历史时期祁连山地区生态环境变迁研究——以祁连山南麓(青海属界)为例

在短暂的人类历史时期,祁连山南麓经历了由纯草原生态环境到半农半牧生态环境的变迁过程。各历史时期的战争、历代政府的农牧业生产政策、区域人口的增加以及农牧业生产生活方式的变迁等人类活动是该地区生态环境变迁过程的主要原因,研究该地区历史时期生态环境变迁过程,有利于正确认识人类生产活动与自然之间的关系,有助于更好地促进该地区今后的生态环境建设。     

Human Security as ontological security: a post-colonial approach

ABSTRACT

This article will critically interrogate the relationship between Human Security and Ontological Security from a broadly postcolonial perspective. The dislocation engendered by successive waves of neo-liberal globalisation has resulted in the deracination of many of the world's inhabitants, resulting in a state of collective ‘existential anxiety’ [Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991]. Under such conditions, the search for ontological security becomes paramount. However, conventional understandings of Human Security as ‘freedom from fear and want’ are unable – from a post-colonial perspective – to provide ontological security since they operate within a culturally specific, Eurocentric understanding of the ‘human’ as ‘bare life’ [Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Daniel Heller-Roazen (trans), Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998]. It will then be argued that post-secular conceptions of Human Security [Giorgio Shani, Religion, Identity and Human Security, London and New York: Routledge, 2014] by acknowledging the role which culture and religion can play in providing answers to existential questions concerning the ‘basic parameters of human life’ are better able to ‘protect’ ontological security in times of rapid global transformation given the centrality of religion to post-colonial subjectivity. This will be illustrated by the case of the global Sikh community. It will be argued that ontological, and therefore, Human Security rests on reintegrating the ‘secular’ and ‘temporal’ dimensions of Sikhi, which had been severed as a result of the colonial encounter.     

塔里木河下游地区交通变化所反映的历史环境变迁

文章利用历史文献和考古成果,结合野外调研,研究历史时期以来塔里木河下游的行政变化和交通变迁,在此基础上分析了下游生态环境的演变规律。研究认为,从细石器时期到汉晋时期,塔里木河下游气候湿润,生态环境比较稳定,人类活动从原始经济向汉晋城邦文明稳步演进,对外交通便利,形成塔里木盆地东部重要的鄯善（楼兰）独立王国：东晋以后,气候逐渐变干,下游对外联系的主要交通枢纽和交通线路被废弃,鄯善国消亡,塔里木河下游绿洲成为封闭的游牧区：18世纪中期以后,下游绿洲归属吐鲁番政区管辖,对外联系再次畅通,是因为这一时期气候湿润：19世纪末期,气候变化剧烈,再次变干,塔里木河下游与吐鲁番之间的政治、交通联系中断,开始属于塔里木河流域的上一级行政区管辖。     

The City as a Focus for Human Capital Migration: Towards a Dynamic Analysis of University Human Capital Contributions

Universities’ contributions to urban development frequently focus on their micro- or macro-scale effects, ignoring the meso-scale effects they have on inter-territorial relationships. Although universities are seen as an essential part of the recipe for successful urban development, there is a lacuna to understanding how they make places and shape urban hierarchies, and this article addresses this question. This article focuses on one university–urban development process, the creation and embedding of highly skilled graduates, to explore what the aggregate effects of universities on places are; it develops a set of indicators to measure graduate attraction and retention as well as the overall composite place effect. The article develops a typology based on these three indicator sets, and tests this using a data set developed from a Polish social media website. It finds that these indicators are a good way of measuring the effects of human capital creation and mobility at the urban scale. The article concludes by arguing that a greater focus is required in studying the roles that universities play in fostering through-flow in places, changing these places’ nature as nodes within wider urban systems and hierarchies, in the context of university–regional development.     

Service as a Subversive Activity: On the centrality of service to an academic career

In the normative view of academic life, service is presented as an unfortunate inconvenience, a dull distraction from the real work of the academy, which is taken to be teaching and research. Service is also presented to the novice academic as an activity that is completely unconnected with the real work of teaching and research. Jan Monk has made service central to her academic career. A brief overview of her service activities shows how closely intertwined they have been with her scholarship and teaching. Moreover, I believe that Jan's service work demonstrates not only how service is central to a vibrant, meaningful, and rich academic life; it is also an essential vehicle for creating change within, as well as outside of, the academy.