The Development of Geography in Belorussia During 50 Years of Soviet Rule

A review of the development of geographic research over the last 50 years. Principal research topics, authors and institutions working in the various branches of geography are identified.     

论1948年苏南冲突的结果--南斯拉夫是如何走上独立道路的?

对于1948年苏南冲突的起因及其结果的考察,无疑在现代国际关系史和国际共产主义运动史的研究中占有特别重要的地位.从某种角度讲,铁托在南斯拉夫所开创的事业对于20世纪后半期发展中国家如何保持独立,如何选择本民族的发展道路,具有启迪意义.本文拟通过对苏南冲突结果的历史考察,回答南斯拉夫究竟是怎样走上独立发展道路的.     

The Results of Soviet Research on Desalting of Water

A review of Soviet research on saline-water conversion lists installations in operation or planned in the USSR. Long-tube vertical distillation, multistage flash distillation, vapor compression distillation, solar humidification, freezing, and electrodialysis are discussed. Significant progress is noted in the design and construction of large industrial conversion plants, notably at the Caspian Sea ports of Shevechenko, Bek-Dash, and Krasnovodsk, including a dual-purpose atomic plant with a 1-million thermal kw reactor at Shevchenko. But research and development is lagging on small-capacity desalting units suitable for small scattered consumers under desert conditions.     

The Development of Geography in the Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia

A review of geographic research in Transcaucasia during the 50 years of Soviet rule. A great diversity of natural conditions within a relatively limited area has made the region a miniature laboratory and testing ground for a variety of geographic concepts, especially in climatology and hydrology.     

On new Directions in the Development of Soviet Economic Geography

A review of new research areas in Soviet economic geography distinguishes three categories of topics in terms of the level of advance and the volume of research being done. The most viable new areas, with a large number of studies, include the resource-oriented approach to economic geography and the systems approach to settlement geography. In other research areas, such as the geography of services and the geography of land use, only the first steps are being made. The lag in land-use studies behind the West is explained in terms of the large territory of the USSR, which is said to have made this type of research unnecessary until recently. The potentialities of some research areas are only just beginning to be perceived, notably in the case of studies on spatial value relationships, involving regional accounts and balance of payments.     

The Development of Geography in the Ukraine during the Soviet Period

A survey of geographic research in the Ukraine over the last 50 years reviews work in the various disciplines. In physical geography, research has focused on the problems of the steppe, including irrigation, droughts and erosion control. In economic geography, work has concentrated on resource development, agricultural regionalization and industrial geography. Research in geography is done mainly by universities, institutes of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and a number of government agencies.     

Scientific Results of the Trip of the Delegation of Soviet Geographers to the United States

A report of the Soviet delegation on research by government agencies, universities, and other institutions on the use and development of natural resources and on practical application of such research. The Soviet Union is found to be ahead in some theoretical aspects, but the author calls for detailed study of some of the practical applications of resource research in the United States for possible use in similar Soviet work.     

意识形态视域下的苏区俱乐部建设

苏区俱乐部与革命意识形态建设间存在着明显的互动关系。一方面,苏区俱乐部的兴起不是偶然的,是俱乐部自身的功能与中国革命现实的需求深度契合的结果,顺应了中共建构崭新的革命意识形态和开展政治动员的需要。另一方面,苏区俱乐部开展了卓有成效的宣教与娱乐活动,较为顺利地将革命意识形态传输给人民大众,实现了民众对中共意识形态的广泛认同,极大地推动了苏区范围内主流意识形态建设。对这种互动关系的理性考察,可以为人们观照中国共产党九十余年的历史提供一个视角。     

论法国殖民统治下的越南教育

在法国殖民统治下,越南人接受教育的惟一途径是法越教育。法越教育在规模上受到严格限制,且不讲求质量,具有蒙昧主义的本质。法越教育同时具有法国强制移植的属性。印度支那大学作为该教育体系的顶端机构,其移植的特征非常明显。异质教育在殖民地受压抑社会中的生长导致了一种畸形的教育—社会关系,即教育与殖民地社会经济严重脱节,教育加剧了殖民地社会阶层的裂变与民族文化的沦丧。     

The Development of General Earth Science in the USSR During the Soviet Period

General earth science, or general physical geography, is viewed as one of three synthetic physical-geographic disciplines, the two others being landscape science, or regional physical geography, and paleo-geography. General earth science is concerned with the earth's geographic or landscape envelope as a whole and with its general patterns: the laws of zonality and integrity of the landscape envelope, the circulation of matter, rhythmicity, polar asymmetry and other regularities.     

Fifty Years of Development of Soviet Geographic Thought

A review of trends in Soviet geography covers the increasing specialization of physical-geographic disciplines and attempts to integrate physical geography through landscape-study techniques and the theory of a physical-geographic envelope of the earth. Economic geography has focused on regionalization problems and the formation of territorial-production complexes. The controversy over the content of geography is reviewed, and cartography and regional geography are viewed as frameworks for the generalization of geographic information. The new constructive school of Soviet geography is described.     

殖民时代坦桑尼亚的“依附性”发展:以剑麻产业为中心的考察

坦桑尼亚独立以前的大陆部分称坦噶尼喀,剑麻在其社会经济发展史上占有特殊的地位。坦噶尼喀剑麻产业在宗主国的主导下长期成为该国对外的支柱产品,一度发展到"黄金时期"。但是,殖民经济的"掠夺性"开发,使坦噶尼喀剑麻产业逐渐成为宗主国经济的依附性产业的同时,也使坦噶尼喀殖民地经济形成了高度的单一性。随着二战后殖民体系的瓦解和国际经济形势的变化,坦噶尼喀剑麻产业的"依附性"和"单一性"等局限性日益显现。这种畸形的"殖民遗产"被独立后的坦桑尼亚所继承下来,并对坦桑尼亚经济造成了深远的负面影响。     

日伪统治下华北沦陷区的高等教育

在全面侵华战争期间,日寇对我华北地区高教事业进行毁灭性的破坏后,又扶植伪政权“开办”了一些高等院校,并处心积虑地将这些教育机构抓牢在手中,迫令它们全面实施奴化教育,力图将其办成“奴隶养成所”和培养侵华文化工具的战略基地。     

高卢人的罗马化——罗马征服与统治时代凯尔特文明的嬗变历程

公元前58年,恺撒出任山南高卢总督兼理纳尔榜南西斯高卢,标志着高卢战争的开始.经历8年的血战,高卢终于臣服于罗马的军威之下,凯尔特高卢社会从此步入了罗马化时代,拉丁文化逐渐成为高卢地区居民的主流文化.本文对高卢地区罗马化过程进行概要性梳理,在此基础上尽力阐释凯尔特文明的嬗变及其与罗马文明的融合历程.     

日伪统治下的华北留日教育

在日伪统治时期,日寇操纵和控制伪华北政权先后制订一系列的留日奴化教育政策,设法使留日教育在一种改变了质味的形态下得到缓慢推进,企望借此造就出彻底贯彻执行日本全面亡华和建立“大东亚共荣圈”的罪恶目标的高级汉奸和奴化知识人才,并由此带动整个华北沦陷区的教育事业走上整体日本化——全面奴化的不归路。     

Economic Regionalization of the Ukrainian SSR

The author, in a field trip through the Western Pamir, was struck by the paradox of widespread well-preserved traces of Pleistocene glaciation and the relative absence of glacial drift. He advances a hypothesis of the paleogeographic development of the Pamir, assigning an important role to direct evaporation of the ice and firn of the glacial mantle. The paper was read by the author in the form of an illustrated lecture at the International Geographic Congress in London.