An Evaluation of the Territory of Moscow Oblast in Terms of Physiologic-Climatic Parameters

A regionalization of Moscow Oblast is derived from a physiologic-climatic evaluation for purposes of settlement and recreation. The evaluation is based on the frequency of occurrence of particular classes of weather through the year. The most common classes in Moscow Oblast are the 1C class (light negative heat balance), which is determined by global macrofactors and produces an undifferentiated background in the oblast, and the N class (comfortable condition of heat equilibrium) and 2C class (moderately negative heat balance), which reflect more localized factors and can be used for a differentiated evaluation of physiologic-climatic conditions. Eleven physiologic-climatic regions are delimited on the basis of the difference between the number of days with comfortable conditions (N class) and the number of moderately cold days (2C class). Optimal conditions for settlement and recreation are found south and southeast of Moscow; the most unfavorable in the low-lying swampy Dubna area, where the Moscow-Volga canal meets the Volga River.     

可溶性岩石旅游资源的类型及开发利用

碳酸盐岩及钙质砂岩、砂砾岩、黄土(胶结不紧固的粉砂岩)等,在适宜的自然地理环境和特定的区域地质构造条件下,不同程度的遭受水溶液(地下水及地表水)化学的溶蚀作用和物理的机械破坏,均可以形成不同类型并具有一定观尝价值的旅游资源。对可溶性岩石旅游资源开发利用的评价,不但要考虑是否达到旅游资源的标准和规模,还必须注重能否体现原始的自然风貌、协调的环境以及良好的效果等因素。     

The Influence of Dowel-Bearing Strength in Designing Timber Pegged Timber Joints

ABSTRACT

The employment of timber pegs in timber structure joints is a widespread technology in the field of timber frame building in the United States, where the Timber Frame Engineering Council has published a special Standard to supplement the National Design Specification for Wood Construction. The authors have been studying the possibility of supplementing the Eurocode 5 design formulas, thought for timber joints with metal connectors, with specifications needed for a reliable design when employing timber pegs. The field of application envisaged is that of restoring timber structures and results obtained until now are quite encouraging. In this step of the research, more attention has been paid to deformation process: fir and chestnut samples have been tested to determine their dowel-bearing behavior with steel and ash timber peg while double-shear plane joints made of the same wood species, and fastened with steel as well as timber pegs, have been analyzed.     

衡山景观资源开发

衡山为中华五岳之一,著名宗教名山和旅游胜地。本文阐述衡山自然景观的形成,并从旅游的角度论证衡山具有独特的美学价值、丰富的科学与艺术内容、众多的旅游景目、优越的交通地理位置等优势,建议衡山风光资源开发必须遵循建设与保护相结合、自然景观与人文景观并重、美化和净化同步、社会效益与经济效益兼顾等原则。     

An Analysis of Factors Determining the Level of Natural-Gas Extraction in the North of Tyumen' Oblast

The absence of a long-term program of development of the Tyumen' gas fields is noted, and more intensive development is urged on the following grounds: the availability of large predicted reserves and the relatively low cost of proving these reserves compared with the cost of geological exploration in the deeper gas fields of European Russia; the need for gas as a fuel and chemical raw material in the Siberian economy; prospects of reducing steel-pipe, labor and investment requirements for development of the gas industry as a result of automation and technical progress. An annual output level of one trillion cubic meters a year is urged. The required investment is estimated at 50 billion, rubles. In view of predicted higher gas prices (15 to 20 rubles per 1000 cubic meters) and low operating costs (3.4 rubles), the annual return on investment at a trillion-cubic-meter production level would be about 13 billion rubles.     

澎湖群岛地质旅游资源评估与规划

澎湖群岛主要由玄武岩构成,岛上有各式各样独特的地质、地貌景观。近几十年来,观光旅游是澎湖经济的重要支柱之一。为了凸显澎湖的特色,同时兼顾景观资源的保护与利用,具有环境教育意义的地质旅游十分值得推广。本文首先评估了澎湖的地质旅游资源,说明了它的发展潜力与限制,然后有针对性地提出澎湖推广地质旅游活动的规划策略与建议：用更系统化、制度化的方式经营管理,实现澎湖地质、地貌景观的可持续发展。     

The Land Resources of the Ukraine; their Evaluation and Inventory Methods

Three EU-based human geographers argue for the need to contextualize the meaning of the current economic crisis in Europe, pointing to precedents in European history. More specifically, they view Europe (as both a set of practices and ideas) as a product of successive crises that have yielded an unexpectedly resilient structure for the European Union, which retains sufficient flexibility to permit different EU members to adapt their economies to the crisis on their own terms without descending into the disintegrative pull of protectionism. The authors also show how the uneven effects of the economic crisis threaten a renewed east-west divide, and highlight the ongoing relevance of the European Union as a transnational fiscal regime with important implications for EUrope's future. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F130, F150, G010, N130, N140. 1 figure, 1 table, 58 references.     

饱水古木材的结构和降解过程

饱水古术材横切片通常显示两个或更多的不同降解区域。光学显微镜、电子显微镜、配合组织的化学成分分析,证明了木材从内到外的非生命化学降解过程。随着水分的充满,欢生壁园糖类的水解开始松动。细胞壁失去荧光性和飒折射。最后残存的本质素结构崩塌,只剩粒状残片。第三层细胞壁,特别是薄片状胞间层,有抵抗力,只要一直充满永就会保持原始组织尺寸。     

The Character of Demographic Processes and their Impact on City Growth in Moscow Oblast

The character of demographic processes (population growth, natural increase, migration, age-sex structure) is analyzed for cities of Moscow Oblast both by size classes and by their location in three concentric rings around Moscow. The demographic indicators tend to be particularly negative in cities of the outer zone of Moscow Oblast, mainly one-industry textile towns, in which the high female component of the labor force tends to create an unbalanced demographic situation. Positive demographic processes are most evident in middle-size cities (20,000 to 100,000) in the green belt and suburban zone around Moscow that arose or developed mainly during the Soviet period. They are largely associated with heavy industry and scientific research and development. The analysis suggests the need for greater development of outer-zone towns, which have been lagging in growth, and a need for avoiding the existence of one-industry towns, even as part of a cluster of places.     

Shaking Table Test of the Taiwanese Traditional Dieh-Dou Timber Frame

This article attempts to explore the dynamic behavior of traditional Dieh-Dou timber structure under different combinations of structural forms and vertical loads. Using time-history record (TCU 084) from the Chi-Chi earthquake, two semi full-scale specimens (Symmetric and Asymmetric) were tested. Results showed that the Symmetric specimen tends to be damaged more easily and faster than the Asymmetric one. Damage pattern generally begins from the bottom Dou members and subsequently spreading upwards to the upper Dou, horizontal Gong members, and adjoining Shu members. Friction force between the contact surfaces is crucial towards the maintenance of overall structure. Increase vertical loadings have significant effect on the natural frequencies and global stiffness of the structure. Using the Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) system, the derived stiffness is generally in good agreement with the dynamic results of both forms. This study suggests that the effects of increasing vertical loadings should be taken into consideration for future evaluation.     

中国旅游资源的开发评价、途径和对策

分别从历史发展和多民族分布对文化风光,从地域分异规律对自然风光进行旅游开发评价,划分中国1级旅游文化区,以华北区为例划分2、3级旅游文化区,对海内外客人分层次讨论其旅游目的地选择。区域旅游不能完全取代跨区的长线旅游。指出中国旅游开发的途径和对策,对中国旅游业发展要有一个清醒的估计,不能有过高的期望。     

保和殿大木构架类型与特点

一．建筑概况与历史沿革 故宫保和殿与太和殿、中和殿合称三大殿,又称前三殿。三大殿座落在平面呈“土”字形的台明之上,是外朝的主体建筑。保和殿台基东西长49．76、南北宽24．97米,面阔九间,进深五间,殿高23．686米（台明下皮至正脊上皮）,建筑面积1242．51平方米。三样黄琉璃瓦重檐歇山顶。     

河南汉代仿木构墓葬的建筑学研究

本文主要对河南省境内目前发现的汉代仿木构墓葬的建筑形式进行了类型学的探讨,主要包括了仿木构墓葬的类型、历史分期等,最后分析了河南地区汉代仿木构墓葬的建筑特征和技术成就,进行了建筑学的总体论述。     

The Structure of the Timber Kitchen at Weoley Castle,Birmingham

A CEMETERY uncovered during roadworks at High Wycombe in ig86 confirmed the location of the medieval hospital of St Margaret. Examination of the skeletal remains suggests that several of the individuals excavated had suffered from leprosy.