Integrated Regional Geographic Atlases

The author reviews work on atlases of Soviet republics and oblasts published in 1961–64, containing maps on physical geography, population, economy and culture. He finds that these atlases suffer from a lack of practical purposefulness and inadequate coordination. These weaknesses are to be remedied in a new coordinated project of natural-resource atlases of the major republics and economic regions of the USSR initiated in 1963.     

Geographic Aspects of Population Aging in the Russian Federation

An American demographer specializing in the former USSR and Russia examines the demographic aspects of aging and the age structure of Russia's population across its regions, covering urban versus rural areas, and ethnic homelands versus non-ethnic (Russian) regions. The paper also assesses the implications of aging for Russia's pension and electoral systems, by examining regional differences in the real value of pensions and the emergence of a rather durable, conservative "red belt" strongly correlated with older, more agrarian, and rural populations. A final section examines the future of aging in Russia using recent population projections by Goskomstat Rossii demographers. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: J10, J11, J14. 10 figures, 2 tables, 39 references.     

Problems in the Building of Mathematical Models for Geographic Systems

Some basic concepts and principles of general systems theory applicable to geographical systems are formulated. A geosystem is viewed from the point of view of the controllable processes that convert it from one state to another and insure its self-regulation and stability. Since geographical systems derive energy from the surrounding environment and use it for their physical-chemical and biological functions, the structural elements of such systems behave thermodynamically like automata performing irreversible processes, and the laws of thermodynamics can therefore be applied to the functioning of such systems. A mathematical apparatus is demonstrated for the study migratory flows of mass and energy in geographical systems.     

Regional Aspects of Collaborative Invention Across National Innovation Systems

Abstract

This article analyzes the association between intraregional collaboration and levels of invention in nine developed countries. Patent data of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) regions of nine inventive countries are used to determine if a significant positive correlation exists between reliance on own region partners and overall invention. Strong intraregional collaboration is also related to the knowledge bases of technologies and to the tendency for inventors to team up in the first place. Results show strong evidence that inventors in highly inventive regions co-patent more with own region partners and that they have a greater tendency to collaborate in the first place. Support for the hypothesis that information and computer technologies favour own region collaboration and that more biotechnology invention encourages external alliances is mixed. However, there is far less evidence that more biotechnology invention encourages more external alliances. Variation in the results between countries is interpreted as evidence that national innovation systems have distinctive internal locational attributes. The findings refute the assertion that strengthening aspatial network proximities has eclipsed the pivotal role of intraregional linkages in technological advance.     

晚明党争人物的地理分布和特征

明代晚期是整个明代政治斗争最为激烈的一个阶段,浙党、魏忠贤阉党、东林、复社,彼此之间的政治党争呈现错综复杂的形势。其中,鲜明的地域性派别成为晚明党争的一个重要特征。在党争中所体现的地域扶持和异派倾轧,与各个政治派别的人员构成有着非常重要的关系。通过对这些派别主要成员的籍贯的地理分布的研究,可以对当时的某些政治现象作出更加合理的解释。     

Geographic Factors Affecting the Presence of Transhipment Services in Regional Maritime Container Markets

The presence of transhipment services in a region has previously been analyzed relative to ports and shippers with no consideration to the geographical factors of the sea basin serving the region. We hypothesize that attributes related to basin morphology also should be considered, as the processes involved in the maritime container freight market are comparable to processes in other transport markets. We show that transhipment services are relevant in those regions with closed sea basins. This article addresses the following issues: the traditional analytic methods used to determine, directly or indirectly, the presence of transhipment services; the role of transhipment in some geographic regions by estimating the rate of transhipment relative to throughput for each region; and the estimation of a statistical model that can determine the presence of transhipment by means of aggregate variables related to the morphology of a sea basin serving each region and to the socioeconomic characteristics of the region served. La presencia de servicios de transbordo en una región ha sido analizada en relación a los puertos y cargadores, sin considerar los factores geográficos de las cuencas marítimas al servicio de una región. Nuestra hipótesis es que los atributos relacionados a la morfología de las cuencas también deberían tomarse en cuenta, ya que los procesos involucrados en el mercado de contenedores de carga marítima son comparables a los procesos de otros mercados de transporte. Mostramos que los servicios de transbordo son relevantes en aquellas regiones con cuencas marítimas cerradas. El presente artículo aborda los siguientes temas: los métodos analíticos tradicionales generalmente usados para determinar, directa o indirectamente, la presencia de servicios de transbordo; el rol del transbordo en algunas regiones geográficas, a partir de la estimación de las tasas de transbordo relativas a su rendimiento (throughput) en cada región; y la estimación de un modelo estadístico que pueda determinar la presencia de transbordo a partir de variables agregadas relacionadas a la morfología de la cuenca marítima al servicio de cada región, y a las características socioeconómicas de cada región. 区域海运转运服务的分析已经将港口和航运商纳入研究范畴,但忽视了区域海洋盆地地理因素的影响。由于参与海运集装箱货运市场的过程与其他运输市场的过程具有可比性,因而本文认为和海盆形态有关的属性也应考虑在内。研究结果显示,转运服务与那些靠近海盆的区域具有相关性。本文将重点对以下问题进行阐述：过去经常用来直接或间接判断转运服务的传统分析方法;通过估计一个地区相对于自身吞吐量的转运率来判断部分地理区域在转运服务中的角色;通过区域海盆形态和社会经济属性相关的综合变量,构建能够判别转运服务的统计模型.     

The Role and Significance of Objective (Mathematical) Methods in Geographic Research

A staff member of Leningrad University's Cartography Department reviews the introduction of quantitative methods into geography and offers a classification of physical and mathematical models used in geography. The increasing use of objective methods, including physical and chemical techniques, is expected inevitably to affect the nature of geography as a scientific discipline, just as the use of aerial photography changed the theory and practice of topographic mapping.     

Modeling Geographic Ferrous Scrap Markets: Regional Prices and Interregional Transactions in the United States*

Abstract. The U.S. Regional Ferrous Scrap Model analyzes spatial variations in prices for two grades of ferrous scrap using a logistic model of choice under differentiated products. The model uses a computer‐generated equilibrium framework to solve for prices that support the observed spatial distribution of supply and demand quantities. This paper presents the model's formal structure and its solution algorithm. The model specification is highly disaggregated with 1,212 supply and 240 demand regions. Characteristics of the equilibrium solution are described for prices and interregional flows. Sensitivity of equilibrium values to changes in model parameters is reported.     

Geographic Study of the Natural Characteristics and the Economic Utilization of the Land Areas of the USSR

This paper by a leading Soviet theoretical physical geographer traces the historical development of the Soviet doctrine of geographic zonality and the role played by heat-moisture relationships in determining the structure, the dynamics and the development of natural geographic zones. The paper includes a table of geographic zonality and explains the periodic character of geographic zonality. Am American review article that provides useful background is: Jacek I. Romanowski, A Survey of Heat and Water Balance Research in the Soviet Union, University of Washington, Discussion Paper No. 41.     

先秦墨学的区域性特色述论

战国初期墨学兴起于宋、鲁地区 ,以墨子本人及其弟子的活动为中心 ,墨家提倡“兼爱”、“非攻”,并以身践行。随着墨子及其门人弟子游学活动范围的扩大 ,墨学得以传到周边国家和相对边远的地区。活动于各地的墨家后学 ,由于受到当地社会风俗、文化背景、政治环境的影响 ,对墨子的思想均有不同程度的变革 ,从而使得墨学的区域性特点更趋鲜明 :楚墨行事“任侠”,秦墨“重法”,齐墨“好辩”。     

叶家山出土三足青铜器的地域特征分析

湖北随州叶家山遗址是一处西周早期的曾国墓地,出土了大批遗物,包括数量众多且铸造精美的青铜器。这批青铜器的总体特征与中原地区出土青铜器的风格相似,因此,多数学者认为,叶家山青铜器属典型西周文化性质,并无自身特征,不过,也有学者指出,那里仍有一些所谓的地域特征。本文对西周时期若干遗址出土的青铜器进行了实地观察和调研,并将其与叶家山出土青铜器进行比较研究。结果显示,叶家山出土三足青铜器中,桃圆形器口的器物为绝对主体。而其它地区西周遗址出土的青铜器中,仅山西翼城县大河口西周墓地与绛县横水西周墓地出土的青铜器中,有几件为桃圆形器口。基于此,叶家山出土的三足青铜器中,大多数器口为桃圆形,而这应属于地域特征。     

On the Relationship Between Cultural and Economic Aspects of Regional Development: Some Evidence from Germany and Britain

This paper takes up the discussion on the relationship between culture and economic development and places it in the context of one British and several German case studies whose main interest it was to demonstrate the importance of cultural aspects (in the widest sense) for understanding regional development in general and the development of the study areas in particular. Despite the growing interest in the issue during the recent past in various academic disciplines there is as yet no consistent theoretical approach to it. This paper does not venture to fill that gap, but it addresses some of the open questions by looking into the case studies. The lessons learned are mainly two-fold. Firstly, the findings emphasize the general importance of the socio-cultural dimension for understanding regional development. Secondly, not least because of the empirical slant of the studies a closer link between the different theoretical approaches would seem very desirable.     

云南少数民族服饰景观地域特征探析

少数民族服饰作为民族文化的重要组成部分,是非语言文化交流的途径之一,在传统文化的保持和传承方面起着重要的作用。本文分析了地理环境对云南少数民族服饰的影响、少数民族服饰景观的地域类型、特征及时空变异。认为民族服饰是最具有吸引力的旅游景观之一,在民族传统文化的开发和利用中应当给予高度重视。     

北京市集贸市场空间分布特征研究

集贸市场在我国已有悠久的历史,但目前对我国集贸市场空间分布的研究还较欠缺。本文在阐述集贸市场概况的基础上,对北京市集贸市场的分布状况进行空间现状分析和变迁比较。文章分两部分进行分析比较,其一是对集贸市场的总体进行分析比较,其二是单独选取成交额超亿元的集贸市场进行分析比较,并对个别集贸市场的区位优势和劣势进行了典型分析。在比较分析的基础上,初步得出北京市集贸市场分布的空间特征。     

近代贵州工厂女工区域性特点探析

近代以来,随着贵州资本主义工商业的发展,在轻工业部门开始出现女工。贵州女工分布不均且工资不高,和全国女工相比既有共性,又有其独特的一面。贵州女工的发展对贵州社会产生了深远的影响,使贵州社会结构发生了深刻的变化,促进了城市经济的发展,使贵州妇女的社会地位发生了改变。     

On the Interaction of the Geographic Sciences

Taking Il'yichev as a starting point, Ryabchikov argues that the different character of the laws of nature and of society requires continued separation of physical and economic geography, but that this division should not prevent the closest interaction between the two, leading to geographic synthesis and, ultimately, geographic forecasting. Ryabchikov regards synthesis Linwhich he includes regional geography] as an approach for generalizing the findings of separate disciplines, and not as a separate science in itself. He also opposes the concept of a unified geography.