铁道知识在日本的传播与京滨铁路的诞生

1872年建成的京滨(东京一横滨)铁路是日本第一条铁路,被誉为日本铁路之祖。从此以后铁路便在这个岛国迅速延伸,到1906年铁路总长度突破5000英里,形成了以南北干线为核心的铁路运输体系。而中国的第一条铁路——吴淞铁路(1876年建成)却被清政府拆毁,直到1889年清政府才将修铁路定为国策。两对比鲜明,令人深思。笔认为京滨铁路之所以迅速建成和建成后未遭拆毁的厄运,与幕末时期铁道知识在日本的广泛传播是分不开的。幕末时期铁道知识在日本的传播为京滨铁路的诞生作了舆论上的准备。     

法国/瑞士/意大利铁轨上的欧陆遗迹

"铁路的终点……是我们走向荣誉和未知的大门."小说家E.M.福斯特写于1910年.那时候,火车旅行是人们的奢望.在火车旅行的黄金时代,东方快车公司力图在其火车服务上激起人们的热情,最著名的要属从巴黎一直行驶到威尼斯的"威尼斯辛普朗东方快车",还有一年才有一次的传统终点站伊斯坦布尔. 现在欧洲大陆上鳞鳞爪爪,恣意妄行的铁路线根系发达,欧洲火车通票(Eurai Pass)连接起欧洲各国铁路线,通往欧洲每一个枝蔓的角落.一路坐火车在欧洲大陆走南闯北,领略无数世界遗产,在风景中行进的快乐却是云中银翼怎么都比不上的奢侈.     

Railroad to Development

Bringing the railways into Tibet would hardly destroy its religion and culture,for these are not objects to be stored in museums,argues.     

美国铁路与经济现代化

铁路既是美国工业革命和技术发明的结果 ,也是促进美国工业革命、技术发明和现代化的重要因素。“铁路时代”把铁路建设推向快速发展阶段。 1 888年 ,美国铁路里程已经超过全欧洲的铁路里程。在美国实现了现代化和进入后现代化时代后 ,这场规模宏大的运输革命证明 :铁路的修建带来了经济结构的变化、技术的创新、大企业的产生、政府对经济的干预、社会结构的变化、城市化的加快、农业的资本主义化、广告业的大发展、生产模式的转变以及美国经济在其他方面战略性的变化。铁路至今仍在美国经济生活中发挥着应有的作用     

Contemporary Migration in the USSR

The predominance of individual migration and a lack of coordination among government agencies result in a situation in which migration in the USSR often works at counter-purposes, with people moving away from areas suffering from a labor shortage and into areas with a labor surplus. A system of economic measures is advocated to optimize Soviet migration patterns. Since differences in living conditions are the basic motive between migration, an effort should be made to establish relationships between region al living standards that would attract migrants to regions with a labor shortage and induce them to settle permanently, instead of taking temporary advantage of high wage rates.     

Classification of the Climates of the USSR

The paper surveys the present state of the study of the moisture and heat factors of soil formation under the geographic, genetic and agronomic approaches of soil science. The author finds that despite the single physical nature of the phenomena to be studied they have been investigated separately within the framework of each of these approaches. He calls for an integrated study of the moisture and heat factors by the soil-science field as a whole and outlines specific steps.     

A Natural-Resource Regionalization of the USSR

A regionalization of natural resources is treated as a particular case of economic regionalization, in the sense that it makes an economic interpretation of the physical base of an area from the point of view of its capacity to generate an economic region of appropriate rank. The resource regionalization is based on two particular regionalizations of bioclimatic and mineral resources, yielding a set of 86 regions that combine both types of resources. A typology of resource regions distinguishes seven basic types of regions in which bioclimatic resources are dominant and four basic types in which mineral resources are dominant. Combinations of bioclimatic and mineral resources yield 24 groups of integral resource regions.     

美国对苏政策中意识形态因素及其在苏联解体过程中的作用

美国特殊利益集团对全球霸权主义的追求、根深蒂固的反共主义,以及为维护世界资本主义的一统天下,决定了美国对苏联意识形态进攻的必然性。在苏联存在的几十年间,美国从未放弃消灭或西化苏联的图谋。在苏联基本坚持马克思主义的指导和社会主义道路的情况下,这种图谋难以实现。但是,当苏联把马克思主义教条化和僵化,并在西方和美国意识形态进攻面前逐步西化,就潜伏了巨大危险。一旦苏联领导彻底抛弃马克思主义意识形态,而以美国等西方国家宣扬的所谓"全人类价值观"作为指导时,苏联的解体和西化也就变得不可避免。     

Settlement in Lumber-Industry Regions of the USSR

About 80% of the population in Soviet logging and rafting areas is non-urban and lives in 6000 lumbering settlements assigned to the rural category. The majority of these places are small, crude settlements without adequate services that exist for periods of about 20 years until the surrounding timber stands have been depleted. It is suggested that area planning and diversification of forest utilization can improve the settling pattern, working and living conditions and the provision of services through the concentration of population in larger, modern central settlements supplemented by mobile dormitory camps in timber-felling areas situated beyond an optimal commuting distance. Existing and proposed settling patterns are illustrated with particular reference to a logging area in the western Urals.     

The Major Economic-Geographic Regions of the USSR

A survey of the recent history of development, shifts in locational patterns and changes in organizational structure of the craft industries of Gor'kiy Oblast, one of the principal craft-industry areas of the Soviet Union. The authors map changes in the distribution of crafts and analyze economic-geographic factors in locational changes. Recommendations are made to preserve some of the crafts within the pattern of the Soviet economic system.     

谁阻路政:岑春煊与丙午广东粤汉铁路风潮

自粤汉路权从美国合兴公司赎回以后,粤汉铁路进入粤湘鄂三省分省合办阶段。鉴于广东绅商的集股办法存在弊端,张之洞一再强调和坚持官督商办体制,岑春煊提出广东官商"合力筹款"的思路,由官向商征收台炮捐、船捐、酒捐、盐捐等,由官收存,作为官款、公款,发给商铁路股票。这个思路和做法遭到绅商的反对,由此而出现官绅分歧,1906年(丙午)年初引发官绅冲突,是为丙午广东粤汉铁路风潮。岑春煊指责绅商阻挠路政,申述征收捐费属于"就地收捐",争辩本省人集款建本省路的合理性。绅商则指责岑春煊苛捐虐民,扰乱路政。风潮发生后,岑春煊和绅商分别采取相应的措施,绅商逐渐加紧了招股、收股的行动,并有初步成效。一直注重商权的岑春煊在张之洞和广东同僚的调停下表达了"但愿路事有成"的愿望,释放了被捕的黎国廉,颁布了同意商办的告示,铁路风潮得以消解,广东粤汉铁路的自办实现了由官督商办到商办的体制转型。风潮的发生和体制的转型是粤汉铁路自办进程中必然发生的现象,也是粤汉铁路筹建进展的结果和表现。在这个过程中,岑春煊和绅商都在探索筹款办法和体制问题,他们都不是阻挠路政或扰乱路政者,而是粤汉路政的推进者。     

125 Years of the Geographical Society USSR

A brief review of the history of the Geographical Society USSR and of its contributions to various branches of geography. A book-length account of the history of the society appeared in Leningrad in 1970 under the title Geograficheskoye obshchestvo za 125 let [The Geographical Society Over the Last 125 Years], Leningrad: Nauka, 1970.     

Problems of Geographical Education in the USSR

Geography education in the Soviet Union is found to lag behind advances in geography as a research discipline. Courses in both elementary and secondary schools and at the college and university level are overloaded with factual material at the expense of theoretical problems and general concepts. An essential requisite for improving the content of geography education is better training of geography teachers. Soviet geography teachers are now being trained mainly in the combined geography-biology faculties of teachers colleges. Combined training in more than one teaching discipline is essential because a teacher trained in geography alone would not have a full teaching load of 18 hours a week in most schools. However, the geography-biology combination does not appear to be optimal because the emphasis in biology is no longer on botany and zoology, as in the past, but on human physiology and genetics, with less relevance to geography. It is recommended that geography as a teaching discipline be combined with other subjects of instruction having greater relevance to geography teaching, possibly chemistry, physical education or foreign languages. Less emphasis on fact-loaded regional courses and more stress on systematic courses is recommended, together with training in mathematical techniques.     

Prospects of Population Migration in the USSR

The author offers a methodology for estimating inter-regional population flows in the USSR for the next quarter of a century. The method is based on expected regional manpower needs related to a model of the future distribution of production. Corrections are made for expected regional differences in the need for live labor [depending on the level of mechanization], in rates of natural increase and in the degree of mobility of the population of certain regions.     

Social-Demographic Aspects of Urbanization in the USSR

A certain measure of agreement is found between rates of urbanization and industrialization, with the agreement far greater with total growth of urban population than with the concentration of urban population in big cities. This finding is thought to be significant support for those who contend that limitations on big-city growth are desirable and will not have an adverse effect on industrial development. Migration from the countryside continues to be the main source of urbanization, although its significance has greatly declined as natural increase of the urban population has risen. Migration in general is thought to be desirable because it helps redistribute the able-bodied population between the agricultural and industrial sectors of the economy and provides a channel for social mobility of rural youth. However, the magnitude and composition of rural-urban migration in some regions is having an adverse effect on the economy and requires more effective regulation.