20世纪80年代中国农村的社会习俗变迁

农村作为新时期经济改革的突破口 ,在中国经济发展中占有重要的位置 ,农村经济的快速发展也引发了社会习俗的相应变化。首先是在消费习俗方面的变化 ,即在服饰、饮食、居住和出行四个方面反映出的物质层面的变化 ;其次是礼仪习俗和民间信仰的变化 ,反映出在意识观念层面的变化。 2 0世纪 80年代中国农村社会习俗的变化 ,除了体现出社会习俗的基本特征 (即具体内容的传承性和变异性并存 )外 ,还有着自己独到的特点 ,如具有一定的稳固性和不可逆性 ,在呈现多元化的同时也表现出一定的不可控倾向。     

Changes of Proverbs in Form and Meaning: The Case of Croatian ‘Odjeća ne čini čovjeka čovjekom’ (Clothes Do Not Make the Man)

This article deals with changes of form and meaning of the Croatian proverb ‘Odje?a ne ?ini ?ovjeka ?ovjekom’ (Clothes do not make the man). The analysis is done on the basis of its use in newspaper articles and spoken communication. Furthermore, the data are interpreted within the framework of cognitive semantics. The analysis shows that the proverb is often used in modified form and that it has changed its form from negative to positive. Most of the informants recognize its modified form ‘Odijelo ne ?ini ?ovjeka’ (The suit does not make the man) as the original one. From the cognitive semantic point of view, changes analysed in relation to the concept of basic conceptual metaphor point to changes in the socio-cultural context and to perception of the importance of (outward) appearance.     

The diversity of North American projectile-point types,before and after the bow and arrow

Mimicking paleobiological studies of biodiversity, changes in the diversity of temporal types of North American projectile points are modeled to reveal evolutionary patterns of origination and extinction. Origination is modeled as rapid innovation of multiple point types (high diversity), and extinction is modeled as gradual winnowing of less-efficient types. Introduction of the bow and arrow as a new weapon-delivery system is modeled as an increase in point diversity. Six sequences of points (dart + arrow), six sequences of dart points, and six sequences of arrow points from western North America best match the model when the number of time periods ?5 and the number of types is >3.     

TESTING FOR EVIDENCE OF PALEOINDIAN RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES DURING THE YOUNGER DRYAS CHRONOZONE IN GEORGIA

Abstract

For the Southeast, it has been proposed that climate changes during the Younger Dryas period triggered a human population decline and/or substantial reorganization. We use the Georgia point record in the Paleoindian Database of the Americas to test for evidence of changes in landscape use through the Paleoindian period and consider these changes in the context of the Georgia paleoenvironmental record spanning the Younger Dryas. Based on differences in point frequencies, distributions, raw material types, and transport distances and directions, we conclude that significant changes in landscape use occurred during the Paleoindian period, and these correspond to destabilization of the immediate coastal zone due to fluctuations in sea level.     

会议筹办机构内部信息沟通结构研究——以首届亚洲能源论坛秘书处为例

本文选取首届亚洲能源论坛秘书处作为案例,运用社会网络方法,通过档案法和深度半结构访谈法获得数据,从整体视角研究会议筹办机构内部信息沟通结构的特点。研究发现,会议筹办机构内部的信息沟通结构具有开放性和实时性,其信息沟通结构的规模与组成模式存在阶段性变化,而且愈临近会期,结构成员愈加紧密地围绕着核心成员和部门进行更频繁的沟通合作。     

Metropolitan Income Inequality During the 1980s: The Impact of Urban Development, Industrial Mix, and Family Structure

The empirical analysis in this paper explores the interurban variation in family income distribution. The results point to increasing urban development, rising female-headship, a widening educational distribution, and changes in the industrial and occupational mix as major contributing factors to rising inequality. However, the increase in the relative number of multiple worker families was a significant mitigating force to rising inequality. A decomposition of 1979 and 1989 cross-sectional models revealed that while changes in urban family and industrial characteristics have been sources of rising inequality, there has been significant structural change in the urban models acting to decrease inequality.     

Multiperiod migration patterns: the timing and frequency of household responses

"The structure of intertemporal patterns of household migration responses is empirically examined. The findings indicate that migration decisions are often related to changes in household conditions in both prior as well as following periods, are dependent on the duration of household status characteristics (e.g., marital status) and not just their presence at any point in time, and finally that migration response in any particular period very often differs among households as a result of differences in the underlying structure of migration frequency behavior. These findings suggest that inferences based on comparisons of household migration responses over only a single period of time are incomplete, possibly to the point of being misleading." The study is based on a calculation of "the distribution of migration patterns between 1976 and 1979 for a sample of 4,739 households in the [U.S.] Michigan Panel Survey on Income Dynamics (PSIC)."     

龚自珍论“六经”与“六艺”——传统学术知识分化的第一步

"中国近代知识转型"是近年来学界新兴的重要议题。欲探讨中国近代知识转型,除了分析近代西方科学式知识如何在中国建构之外,中国本身的转变绝对是不可忽略的议题。清代学术位居近代转折之关键,其学术特色与认知,代表前近代学者对传统学术及其发展之重要反思。本文就以晚清重要学者龚自珍为焦点,说明他如何从"辨章学术,考镜源流"的学术史观点,上溯《汉书.艺文志》,分判"六经"与"六艺",一则为经学的千年传统厘出一个统序,建立起经学学术史观;进而梳理出六艺的知识系统,并直接与乾嘉以降所新兴的专门之学分相属系,勾勒出六艺之学的专业分化。这个观察,不仅说明传统经学在前近代中国所呈现的分化情形,也展现出清儒对传统学术所作的初步知识层构。     

Romanian Spatial Planning System: Post-Communist Dynamics of Change and Europeanization Processes

This paper addresses the post-communist history of Romania's spatial planning system with the two-fold aim of describing its evolution and identifying the role played by the EU in this process. Taking as a starting point the contradiction between the formal goals of Romanian spatial planning and the actual spatial development patterns, the paper proposes a contextualized analysis of the system's changes. It complements the focus on the formal technical dimension with a look at the broader socio-political context, driving forces and path dependencies. It identifies five episodes within this time frame and argues that they were catalysed by factors outside the immediate technical dimension of spatial planning, such as the changes in the Romanian political scene, the dynamics in the governance and planning culture, the evolution of the economy, the actual development patterns and most notably, by the process of Europeanization. While often the role of the EU is taken for granted as a general positive force for Romania, the paper makes instead the distinction between the use of Europeanization as a rhetorical external driving force and the real changes brought about by the process.     

“秋胡戏妻”故事的演变及其文化背景

“秋胡戏妻”故事在中国可谓源远流长。在不同的朝代其故事细节及其作的评价均发生了一些微妙的变化,这些变化是由作所处的社会化背景所决定的,本试从社会化的角度对这一故事的演变加以探讨。     

In the Shadow of the Grand Narrative: Revisiting the Early Holocene of the Northern Adriatic

In a 1995 article, ??Reviving the Grand Narrative??, Andrew Sherratt critiqued stadial models based on binary opposition (Sherratt in J Eur Archaeol 3:1?C32, 1995), causing some to question whether the ??post?? of ??post-Pleistocene?? was an appropriate way to understand the period. This paper uses that critique as a starting point and examines the Early Holocene of Mediterranean Europe, not as the backwater of Pleistocene big-game hunters, but rather as a dynamic period of socioeconomic as well as environmental changes, separate from yet related to both the preceding Epipaleolithic and the ensuing Early Neolithic.     

The Role of Geographers in the Study,Mapping, Economic Appraisal,Utilization, Conservation and Renewal of the Natural Resources of the USSR

The paper discusses, mainly from a programmatic point of view, the need for research into the relationships between climate and vegetation. Four lines of research are proposed: (1) the correlation between the distribution of vegetation and climate indices; (2) relationships between the distribution of vegetation and seasonal types of climate; (3) seasonal and annual changes in plant communities related to corresponding changes in the surface layer of the atmosphere and the soil and subsoil; (4) the exchange of matter and energy within an ecological system.     

网络时代大学生婚恋观的研究

网络对大学生的婚恋观影响深刻,其中最为突出的是当代大学生婚姻和恋爱观的转变。无数事实表明,传统的婚恋观正在接受着史无前例的挑战,几乎面临着被颠覆的危险,逐渐呈多元化发展趋势。     

Medical-Geographic Forecasting in New Development Areas

The author outlines a methodology for drawing up medical-geographic forecasts of the possible effect on public health of environmental changes produced by new area development. Special attention is devoted to the problem of tick-borne encephalitis. From a theoretical point of view, medical geography is regarded as a bridge between nature and man, tending to promote an integrated geography concerned with the system: nature—man—population—production.     

The Innovation of the Italian Planning System: Actors,Path Dependencies,Cultural Contradictions and a Missing Epilogue

The paper aims at investigating the changes in the Italian planning system that took place in the last two decades. It is of interest because different directions of changes and combination of modes, tools and approaches have been developed and experimented. Such a plethora of changes however has been developed without a sound national reform capable to provide a legislative, disciplinary and cultural framework. At the same time, though, the condition of legislative immobility at the national level has characterized an unexpected experimenting ground for different actors and approaches at different administrative levels. In order to present its arguments, the paper combines an institutionalist approach with a strategic-relational perspective as starting point for the identification of the main interpretative categories for the processes of change. The modernization of the planning system can be investigated through its actors and the achieved innovations, its institutional path dependencies, as well as its cultural planning divergences. As a concluding consideration, we wonder if in occasion of the challenges that the ongoing socio-economic and institutional crisis has brought, the accumulated planning cultural capital can be the base ground for a new possible reforming season that would put order to a rich but scattered situation.     

苏北运河经济带构建的初步研究

沿江沿河地区的发展一直是国内外地理与规划学所关注的重点和热点。对于经济落后地区而言,沿江沿河的开发更是振兴经济的有效手段。本文从GDP增长率、产业结构变化等方面,分析了苏北运河沿河地区的经济发展状况,指出了构建苏北运河经济带的必要性和可行性,进而提出了构建苏北运河经济带的设想,从开发模式、重点产业和空间结构等方面进行了分析,这对苏北运河地区资源环境、社会、经济等的发展有着重要的指导意义。     

Drivers of technological richness in prehistoric Texas: an archaeological test of the population size and environmental risk hypotheses

This paper reports a study that sheds light on an issue that is important for understanding human behavioral evolution—the factors that influence hunter-gatherers’ decisions regarding the number and degree of specialization of their tools. Two primary drivers of technological richness and complexity have been proposed in the anthropological literature: population size and environmental risk. In general, ethnographic studies tend to support environmental risk as the primary driver, whereas the limited number of archaeological studies that have been carried out seem to support population size. These findings are difficult to reconcile because problems exist for both sets of studies. The present study was designed with these problems in mind. We used an archaeological dataset to test which of the hypothesized driving factors—population size or environmental risk—best explains changes in technological richness. More specifically, we investigated whether changes in the number of point types in Texas from the first occupation more than 13,000 years ago to the Late Prehistoric period, around 400 years ago, are better explained by environmental risk or by population size. Bivariate correlations and a generalized linear model indicate that temporal changes in point-type richness in Texas are significantly associated with changes in one of our proxies of risk—global temperature. We found no relationship between temporal changes in point-type richness and changes in population size. Thus, the results derived from this study are consistent with the environmental risk hypothesis and inconsistent with the population size hypothesis.     

试论1949～1959年中苏关系中的美国因素

1949～1959年的中苏关系,经历了从走向结盟到蜜月合作再到出现公开分歧的发展历程。美国作为影响中苏关系的一个外部因素,其制定的分裂中苏关系的楔子战略也经历了三个不同的发展阶段:从第一阶段以中国作为主要突破口,通过所谓灵活政策来阻止中苏结盟;到第二阶段仍以中国为主要突破口,通过强硬政策致力于分裂中苏的长远目标;再到第三阶段以苏联为主要突破口,通过软硬分施的策略来推动中苏同盟走向分裂。楔子战略的侧重点和实施手段不尽相同,效果也前后有别。     

The transformation of kinship and the family in late Anglo-Saxon England

The development of the family into a small unit in which descent was traced almost exclusively through the male line is regarded as a major turning point in medieval European history. The early stages of the formation of agnatic kinship have usually been connected to strategies designed to preserve and retain control of patrimonies and castles, arising from the breakdown of public order. In this article it is suggested that the emergence of new kinship values was connected to the investment of aristocratic energy and resources in monastic programmes, and to subtle changes in lay involvement with the rituals associated with death and the salvation of souls.     

La France n'accepte pas de payer le prix de ses ambitions

This article takes as its starting point the massive changes in French political, economic and social life since the 1960s, as part of a process of internationalisation involving world trade and the commitments of European integration. In particular, the myth of the all-powerful state and old ideological quarrels have been laid to rest. However, the state itself has been slow to reform and has often used international commitments as an excuse for inaction. Most importantly, the gap between elite and public has slowed down modernisation and fuelled fear of the future. More imaginative solutions to public policy and more rigorous policy evaluation are needed.