从“风水”学说看贵德的地理环境

“风水”是中国的一种古老学说,其渊源可追溯至老子的《道德经》和被誉为儒家“群经之首”的《易经》。数千年以来,风水学融进了很多地理学、地质学、星象学、气象学、景观学、建筑学、生态学以及人体生命信息学等多种学科知识,它与中国传统文化讲究的“天人合一”的主张是相一致的。但它在自身的发展过程中难免也掺入了一些迷信的成分,所以我们必须以科学的态度,去其糟粕,留其精华,使它真正为人类和社会服务。近年来,国内外一些著名的专家、学者纷纷发表文章,揭示出“风水”学的科学内核:它是古人认识自然、利用自然,与自然和谐相处的智慧结晶,时至今日,仍然对我们合理开发利用自然资源有着极高的借鉴价值。本刊特发表青海省考古研究所古建筑研究专家张君奇先生的这篇文稿,介绍贵德县城的自然环境以及建筑文化,希望读者能从阅读中对古人“天人合一”思想在人居环境方面的体现有所了解。     

UN Population Division's Methodology in Preparing Base Population for Projections: Case study for India

Preparation of the base population plays a substantial role in the accuracy of projections. This paper reviews analytical strategies involved in the preparation of the UN World Population Prospects to reconcile existing discrepancies between data sources and derive robust estimates of population counts, distribution, and demographic changes. The case study of India is used to illustrate the challenges and benefits of using a cohort-component population projection approach in reconstructing its population between 1950 and 2010, including the preparation of bias-free population counts and distributions by age and sex; estimation of consistent fertility and mortality trends; and integration of all demographic components for obtaining a reliable base population for projections.     

Geographic Aspects of Population Aging in the Russian Federation

An American demographer specializing in the former USSR and Russia examines the demographic aspects of aging and the age structure of Russia's population across its regions, covering urban versus rural areas, and ethnic homelands versus non-ethnic (Russian) regions. The paper also assesses the implications of aging for Russia's pension and electoral systems, by examining regional differences in the real value of pensions and the emergence of a rather durable, conservative "red belt" strongly correlated with older, more agrarian, and rural populations. A final section examines the future of aging in Russia using recent population projections by Goskomstat Rossii demographers. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: J10, J11, J14. 10 figures, 2 tables, 39 references.     

论新视野下的人民生活志编纂

文章认为要用以人为本、构建和谐社会的治国新理念指导第二轮志书编修,审视以往存在的不足。要把人民生活作为新编志书的重要内容,多层面考察和反映人民生活的变化。从社会层面在较高的层次设立篇目,科学运用数据资料,适当运用典型资料和图片,体现出人民生活的层次。     

家族内人口与生活:以浦江义门郑氏为例

《(浦江)义门郑氏宗谱》拥有一个家族中以男性人口为主的详细资料,具有重要的研究价值,对于了解该家族的人口数量、人口增减的速度、职业、化状况、婚姻状况、寿命等等,都具有重要的研究价值。藉此数据为蓝本,加以比排分析,为后人了解一个家族的婚姻状况、平均寿命、化、职业等都可以展开新的视野。     

Population: action for a new decade

This 48-page supplement reports on the world popultion situation and on the International Conference on Population held in Mexico City in 1984. Included are summaries of Conference recommendations, the text of the Mexico City Declaration on Population and Development, a World Population Chart, and reports on population studies. The main task of the 1984 Population Conference was to review the 1974 World Population Plan of Action and approve steps to update some of its goals in line with new issues that have emerged in recent years. The preamble to the 1984 recommendations states that the basis for an effective solution to population problems is socioeconomic transformation. It is noted, however, that even in the absence of socioeconomic development, family planning programs can have an impact on fertility levels. This report futher describes the debate on disarmament, abortion, economic policy, and occupied territories that took place in Mexico City. Also included is a glossary of terms used in population studies and a discussion on how the United Nations determines its demographic projections.     

19世纪英国铁路筑路工人工作与生活状况考察

19世纪英国铁路筑路工人是一个独特的工人群体。本文通过考察筑路工人在主要铁路修建体制分包制中的工作与生活状况,并对比工厂制中雇佣工人的相关情况,认为规训机制与信用体制的缺乏正是造成他们独特境遇和种种不幸的主要因素。在19世纪中期后,尽管对分包制进行了局部改革,但这些改革都未能从根本上改变分包制下筑路工人的不幸遭遇。     

1930年代安庆人力车夫生活实态研究

1930年代,安庆人力车业兴盛,车辆数和从业者逐年增加,已达饱和状态.人力车夫经营性质略分为租车、私车、私人包车三类,故而收入不等,总体普遍好于务农.这是人力车夫源源不断的主要动因.人力丰行业实行多头管理,工务局发放营业执照和日常检查,公安局发放号牌,财政局收取车捐.人力车夫问题所反映的是中国近代化进程中产业结构的不合理、进城务工与留乡耕种的收入差异,最根本的还是城市交通的落后为人力车夫提供了生存空间.     

Principles of a Landscape Classification

A classification of natural landscapes based on a combination of historical-genetic and structural criteria is offered. The classificatory categories of a higher order are based on genetic and spatial associations of landscapes; the lower taxonomic entities are based largely on internal landscape structure. The taxonomic entities range from division to subspecies. The earth's landscape sphere is first broken down into divisions of terrestrial and water landscapes. Divisions fall into systems based on zonal differences in the heat and water balance (subarctic, boreal, subboreal, etc.). Systems fall into classes (plains and mountain landscapes), and classes break down into groups of landscapes based on geochemical and moisture criteria (eluvial, hydromorphic, etc.). Groups fall into types on the basis of bioclimatic and soils criteria (wooded steppe, steppe, desert etc.). Types break down into genera on the basis of genetic landform types (alluvial plains, colian landforms, etc.). Finally, the genera fall into species and subspecies on the basis of dominant and subordinated morphologic units known in Russian as urochishche. Examples of steppe plains genera might be gently rolling sandy plains with feathergrass on dark chestnut soils, or level plateau with a mantle of loam and fascue grass on dark chestnut carbonate soils.     

The Selection of Elements of the Physical-Geographic Environment and of Aspects of Human Occupance for an Evaluation of Physical Living Conditions

A review of research undertaken by the author, together with Ye. B. Lopatina, on the evaluation of the effect of various components of the natural environment on particular aspects of human occupance of a specific territory. The present paper attempts to select, group, and systematize the environmental elements to be evaluated in the form of a matrix, in which the character and the degree of the effect of each environmental factor are indicated. The matrix shows, for example, how a relief element, such as absolute elevation, affects public health or the esthetic-psychological perception of the environment, over how large an area, during what period of time, and what particular population groups. It also indicates whether the particular environmental effect is amenable to transformation.     

Industrial Nodes of the USSR and Principles for a Typology

This paper, published on the occasion of the Lenin centennial, reviews Lenin's writings about the spatial organization of industrial production, with particular reference to industrial nodes. These are defined as specialized territorial-production complexes in which industrial establishments are united by economic and technological production linkages, a common transport-geographic situation, common infrastructure, and common system of settlement. A typology of industrial nodes of the USSR is proposed on the basis of the following combinations of criteria: (1) the basic character of production (extractive or manufacturing), (2) specialization and structure of industries, (3) the level of maturity (pre-Soviet origins, Soviet origins, in process of formation), (4) locational factors (resource-oriented, labor-oriented), and (5) magnitude of output. The typology is presented in the form of a table and a map.     

Statistical Methods for Evaluating the Geometrical Hierarchy of a Network

The objective of this paper is to present statistical methods for evaluating the geometrical hierarchy of a network in comparison with a random hierarchy network. First, the random hierarchy network is explicitly formulated by four stochastic processes in which line segments or lines, which represent roads, are randomly placed and their placement is independent of their ranks. Second, under these stochastic processes, this paper derives the expected value and variance of i) the number of intersections between roads of different ranks; and ii) the distance from an arbitrary point to the nearest highest-ranked road through two kinds of routes. Using these expected values, the intersection index and the detour index are proposed, and it is shown that these indicators are useful for evaluating the geometrical hierarchy of a network. As calculation of these indices is laborious, an efficient computational method is developed, and its application to an actual example is described.     

Evaluating Cost-Benefit Analysis as a Tool for Gender Planning

This article evaluates the usefulness of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in the field of gender and development planning. While the incorporation of distributional considerations into CBA would appear to have made it more sensitive to gender differentials, the article argues that it is limited by a number of factors. These include both its own methodological biases, such as the bias towards marketed activities and quantifiable indicators, as well as the political economy of gender at different stages of the project cycle. Empirical examples from both First and Third World contexts are drawn on to demonstrate how these biases work in practice. The article concludes that CBA is best suited to interventionist, rather than participatory projects; to efficiency, rather than equity goals; and, where equity is the goal, to women's practical needs rather than their strategic gender interests.     

现代史学方法论视角下的人口循环理论

马尔萨斯理论在史学上被广泛应用。马尔萨斯认为人口的增长导致饥饿和社会危机,随之而来的是人口数量的减少、消费增加,随后人口数量又开始增加。人口数量的稳定波动就是人口循环周期。20世纪30年代俄国经济学家雅什诺夫在史学研究中第一次揭示了马尔萨斯人口循环理论。随后W.阿贝尔和M.波斯坦在欧洲史研究方面运用了该理论。20世纪下半叶人口循环理论得到了深入的研究,尤其受到法国年鉴派史学家布罗代尔等人的重视。随后,J.戈尔斯通的人口结构理论为人口循环理论的发展注入了新的活力。近几年以J.卡姆罗斯、P.图尔钦为代表的学者广泛采用数学模拟方法研究人口循环理论,运用这一方法可将人口循环周期分为增长阶段、紧缩阶段和生态危机阶段。此外,运用人口循环理论取得的研究成果有助于对社会和经济发展做出预测。     

二十世纪二三十年代小学教师的薪水及其生活状况

民国时期,教师已成为一个相对独立的新兴职业群体。教师的经济和社会地位,直接关系教师群体之素质,并大体上反映一个国家及其社会对教育的重视程度。本从生活史的角度,对二十世纪二三十年代小学教师的薪水及其生活状况进行了考察,认为这一时期小学教师待遇不仅非常低微,而且差异亦极为悬殊,由此制约了当时小学教师专业素质的提高,影响着教师职业的稳定性,形成小学教师队伍的人才逆淘汰现象。而这恰恰是当时中国政治、经济、社会等诸多因素共同作用的结果。     

Geographic information system‐based edge effect correction for Ripley's K‐function under irregular boundaries

Ripley's K‐function is a test to detect geographically distributed patterns occurring across spatial scales. Initially, it assumed infinitely continuous planar space, but in reality, any geographic distribution occurs in a bounded region. Hence, the edge problem must be solved in the application of Ripley's K‐function. Traditionally, three basic edge correction methods were designed for regular study plots because of simplified geometric computation: the Ripley circumference, buffer zone, and toroidal methods. For an irregular‐shaped study region, a geographic information system (GIS) is needed to support geometric calculation of complex shapes. The Ripley circumference method was originally implemented by Haase and has been modified into a Python program in a GIS environment via Monte Carlo simulation (hereafter, the Ripley–Haase and Ripley–GIS methods). The results show that in terms of the statistical powers of clustering detection for irregular boundaries, the Ripley–GIS method is the most stable, followed by the buffer zone, toroidal, and Ripley–Haase methods. After edge effects of irregular boundaries have been eliminated, Ripley's K‐function is used to estimate the degree of spatial clustering of cities in a given territory, and in this paper, we demonstrate that by reference to the relationship between urban spatial structure and economic growth in China.     

谋生在都市的边缘

这里纪录的,是那些从边远山区来到城市谋生的农民,他们处于城市的底层.     

The Geographic Components of Change in a Migration System

A method for deriving a set of geographic components of temporal change in a system of interregional flows is proposed and applied in an analysis of U.S. interstate migration in the early 1980s. Dynamic change in net migration is conceptualized to consist of system-growth, system-mobility, geographic mix, and competitive components. Hypotheses concerning the structural dynamics of migration systems are suggested, as are some implications for migration-modeling techniques.     

Geographic Information Science as a Method of Integrating History and Archaeology for Battlefield Interpretation

Abstract

Geographic Information Science (GIS) and technology can be used to integrate history and archaeology for synthesis and interpretation. This study applies Geographic Information Science and technology to reconstruct the events related to a patrol from G Company, 2nd Battalion, 328th Infantry Regiment of the American Expeditionary Forces on October 8 1918 outside the village of Châtel Chéhéry, France that resulted in the award of the Medal of Honor to Alvin C. York. Evidence from documentary records, historic maps, and artefacts from a metal detector survey were incorporated in a spatial database. Spatial analysis of the database using GIS provided a more complete picture of events than either history or archaeology individually.