国外乡村聚落地理研究进展及近今趋势

乡村聚落地理的研究是乡村地理学的重要研究领域。本文通过对大量的文献资料分析,系统梳理了国外乡村聚落地理的研究动态,将其研究历程划分为:萌芽起步、初步发展、拓展变革、转型重构四个阶段。对乡村聚落地理的研究内容体系进行归纳总结,主要集中在聚落布局、聚落形态与分类、聚落景观、聚落用地、聚落生态等方面。在此基础上对近今乡村聚落地理的研究趋势及发展方向进行了分析,发现乡村聚落的人文社会化和乡村重构的研究趋势。以期能对国内乡村聚落地理的研究提供借鉴和参考。     

Geography, Space, and Science: Perspectives from Studies of Migration and Geographical Sorting

For the past four decades a significant subset of geographers have had a strong interest in using scientific methods and tools to answer questions about society and societal change. The scientific endeavor, learning and verifying new knowledge, has been at the heart of this project. Even though the discipline as a whole seems currently less interested in the classic science project, that project continues within geography and is a part of the wider social science community's attempt to provide verifiable and useful knowledge to a wide range of stakeholders. The findings from studies of migration and the life course, and segregation and geographical sorting reemphasize the very real contribution of spatial science to understanding societal change. Recent work on the geography of neighborhoods and mobility with the context of legal contestation goes beyond academic research per se to show the continuing relevance of an informed scientific approach and the contributions of geography beyond narrow disciplinary boundaries.     

A Book about the Origins and an Article about the Prospects of Constructive Geography in the Soviet Union

Academician Gerasimov reviews a collection of articles by A. I. Voyeykov (1842–1916), who laid the basis for what Gerasimov calls constructive geography, concerned with man's transformation of nature. The author takes issue with G. F. Khil'mi, a geophysicist, who regards the problem of transformation of nature as lying within the province of geophysics. Gerasimov insists that geographers should play the principal role in this field, using past accumulations of empirical data and new methods borrowed from mathematics, physics and chemistry.     

本体论、后现代主义与地理学的发展

本文主要从哲学层面上,本体论和后现代主义的视角上探讨了地理学发展的几个问题:①地理学发展和哲学之间的关系,地理学研究要自觉接受哲学的指导作用,吸收哲学研究中积极成果,打破传统观念、思维框架的禁锢;②地理学研究的本体论承诺,地理学研究对象在本体论前提上具有异质性和多元性的特征以及所具备的其他特征,所以地理学研究应该从多个视角分析和观察问题,采用多元化的方法论;③后现代主义对地理学的影响和启示,后现代主义是对现代主义的解构、反思、批判和超越,后现代主义哲学对地理学发展具有理论借鉴和启示意义。     

周期地理学研究

周期地理学是一门介于周期学与地理学之间的边缘科学。目前国外对周期学与周期地理学正在不断地深入研究,而我国周期地理学尚处于萌芽状态,有待于进一步探讨。本文通过周期成因的历史假说的溯源,构筑了周期地理学的基本理论框架,并且对于周期地理学的两大研究领域:平衡域与周期域的分类、成因及其应用进行了深入地研究,试图建立周期地理学这门新兴的人文地理学学科体系。     

大数据时代的人文地理研究与应用实践

信息通信技术快速发展带来了大数据时代的到来,改变着区域或城市空间组织及居民行为,流空间成为人类活动的主要载体,并使得人文地理学理论与方法面临革新。本文在梳理国内外文献基础上,认为大数据时代的人文地理研究开始更加注重自然与人文学科间的融合、数据密集型研究方法的革新、以居民活动为主体的人本科学性,并构建了人文地理学及其主要分支学科在大数据时代研究的总体框架。同时,也提出了大数据面向空间规划方法和技术、居民个体行为决策优化、企业运营决策、政府宏观政策制定与管理等方面的应用方向。     

Fifty Years of Development of Soviet Geographic Thought

A review of trends in Soviet geography covers the increasing specialization of physical-geographic disciplines and attempts to integrate physical geography through landscape-study techniques and the theory of a physical-geographic envelope of the earth. Economic geography has focused on regionalization problems and the formation of territorial-production complexes. The controversy over the content of geography is reviewed, and cartography and regional geography are viewed as frameworks for the generalization of geographic information. The new constructive school of Soviet geography is described.     

《人文地理》1986—2015年载文分析与研究热点

《人文地理》期刊是我国唯一专门介绍和研究人文地理学的综合性学术期刊,是反映我国人文地理学学科发展和研究热点的重要平台。利用能够显示知识发展进程与结构关系的可视化工具CiteSpace与文献管理工具NoteExpress,对《人文地理》期刊自1986年创刊至2015年30年间刊载的3522篇论文的选题、资助情况、作者及机构情况、论文被引情况等进行了计量分析,绘制了作者所属机构合作共现网络,甄选出了核心作者和高引论文,通过关键词的频率、中心性、突变性等指标探讨了近30年间《人文地理》期刊载文反映出的学科研究热点及阶段性特征,并依据发文量演变趋势将学科前沿领域划分为趋弱型、渐高型和回落型三种类型。     

Complexity science and human geography

Complexity science has attracted considerable attention in a number of disciplines. However, this perspective on scientific understanding remains ill defined. In this paper, ideas and approaches from complexity science are reviewed. It appears that complexity science fundamentally is driven by ontological decisions on the part of the investigator. This is a result of the epistemological approach fundamental to complexity as it is currently studied, which is based on the construction of computer simulation models of reality. This methodology requires that researchers decide what exists and is important enough to represent in a simulation, and also what to leave out. Although this points to serious difficulties with complexity science, it is argued that the approach nevertheless has much to offer human geography. Drawing on complexity science, renewed engagements between physical and human geography, and between both and geographical information science seem possible, based on clearly shared concerns with the representation of geographical phenomena. In conclusion, it is suggested that seeing models as a source of geographical narratives may be a useful way to promote constructive engagement between different perspectives in the discipline.     

A “Caesarian,”“Augustan,” or “Justinian” Worldview of Theoretical and Quantitative Geography?

An evolving world view of theoretical and quantitative geography is presented using an analogy from the development of the ancient Roman and Byzantine Empires between Julius Caesar in the first century BC to Justinian in the sixth century AD. This is used to set the discussion platform for a series of papers presented by participants from the early days of quantitative revolution in geography and its transformation into a robust and relevant spatial science. Current theoretical and quantitative geography needs to be, first, active in developing new ideas and applications, second, to continue to transform its methodology to be more societally relevant and scientifically robust and, third, to actively engage cultural critiques of these processes.     

中国人文地理学复兴的回顾、反思与展望

1978年以后,我国人文地理学走上了复苏和振兴的道路。本文试较为系统地回顾和反思十余年来人文地理学复兴的历程、成就与问题,展望90年代的发展。作者认为,理论建树、新领域和新方向开拓不足,是人文地理学发展中的主要问题;90年代应将人地关系理论与应用研究结合起来,重点开展持续发展、灾害适应、企业地理和区域科学四个方面的研究。     

Materialist hermeneutics,textuality and the history of geography: print spaces in British geography,c.1500–1900

This essay canvasses a range of recent work in literary studies and the history of science advocating a ‘materialist hermeneutic’, an approach to the study of texts which takes seriously their printed format as a bearer of expressive meaning. The essay goes on to show the role of such a hermeneutic in revising our narratives of the history of geographical thought by looking at the print format of British geography books in the era 1500–1900. It is argued that the age of discovery created a ‘problem situation’ for geographical knowledge which was solved by the geographical grammar, this solution only collapsing with the closing of the world in the late-nineteenth century. It is further shown that the so-called ‘new’ geography of the late-nineteenth century developed a radically different print space for geography. The print spaces of early modern and new geography are shown to have been key determinants of the social and intellectual positioning of geography as a scholarly enterprise.     

From China's Urban Social Space to Social and Environmental Justice

A senior American specialist on China and noted geographer argues that the preoccupation of China geographers' with empirical analyses of that country's dramatic economic, social, and urban transformation over the last two decades—usually explained in terms of the now familiar quadruple forces of globalization, marketization, deregulation, and decentralization—should be broadened to reflect a concern for the problems of disadvantaged groups impacted negatively in dynamic urban and environmental settings. The methodology of reflexive activism is proposed as affording a framework for a more relevant geography focused on the study of China, with the potential to bring about positive and constructive change on behalf of China's disadvantaged population and its natural environment, and (as a possible side benefit) generate local epistemologies enriching the study of geography more broadly. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: P30. 68 references.     

An Introductory Lecture to First-Year Geography Students

The author describes a lecture in which he attempted to introduce new Moscow University students to geography. He stressed that geography had reached a turning point toward a more constructive approach, with greater practical applications, and he said that the new approach also required a new content and new methods, which are still being resisted by conservatives.     

变革中的西方经济地理学:制度、文化、关系与尺度转向

1980年代以来,在社会科学日益走向多元化和"后现代主义"的背景下,西方经济地理学开始了一个前所未有的急剧变动时期,无论是研究的主要论题,还是研究的内容、理论和方法以及表述的方式与风格,均经历并正在经历深刻的变革。与上一世纪50-60年代的"计量和理论革命"和70- 80年代的"马克思主义转向"相比,这次变革不仅发生在方法论和认识论层面,而且许多也发生在本体论层面,它使西方经济地理学的视角走向了高度的多样化和复杂化。本文在分析这次变革的起点:马克思主义转向及其批判的基础上,从制度转向、文化转向、关系转向、尺度转向4个相互交织的方面,系统勾勒了西方经济地理学理论视角变动的主线,讨论了这些视角变动的方向、成因、意义和局限性。     

Critical GIScience in Canada in the new millennium

Critical GIS (CGIS) is an approach to evaluating GIS technology that draws upon multiple intellectual tool kits—from geography, social theory and computing science. While its roots are in the battles between human geographers and GIScientists in the 1990s, CGIS has emerged as an independent, constructive approach to enhancing the power and appeal of GIS. CGIS is also beginning to gain acceptance as a legitimate component of the broad tent that is GIScience. This short article reviews the emergence of CGIS, discusses its influence on the discipline of GIScience and finally explores the state of CGIS in Canada.     

新时期我国地理信息资源开发利用途径

文章阐述了我国地理信息资源开发利用的现状及存在的问题,并进行分析探讨。指出:传统的地理信息利用方式存在着信息不能共享,传输速度慢,工作量大,收藏成本高,信息利用率低等严重问题。认为,新时期地理信息资源的开发内容主要是开发大众化地理信息产品的建设,即广度上对地理信息资源进行电子化和有序化建设,改善地理信息资源的可获得性和共享性;地理信息精品的建设,即从深度上对地理信息资源进行开发建设,提高地理信息产品的附加值和建立完善的基于网络环境下的地理信息数据库联机检索服务体系。在此基础上,还要重点开发地理信息的智力性资源、预测性资源和提高对地理信息资源的利用能力,以及提高地理信息资源的创新机理,加快地理信息资源的数字化进程。重点提出了新时期我国地理信息资源深层开发和利用的途径。①加强对信息资源的宏观调控;②尽快建立地理信息网,加强地理科学数据库建设;③实现文献载体的多样化,增强文献的时效性;④加强信息人才培养,转变服务职能;⑤重视基础研究和应用研究。     

人文地理学空间思想的几次重大转折

理解空间思想的演变及其与人文地理学的关系具有重要意义。从思想史角度出发,可将人文地理学空间思想的演变划分为起、承、转、合四个阶段。康德从哲学角度第一次系统地界定地理学为专门的空间科学,抬升了地理学的学科地位。赫特纳-哈特向承袭康德的空间观,将空间科学的抽象规定与方志传统的实际历史结合,把地理学研究对象归约为区域。其后,人文地理学的空间思想出现了四次重大转向,分别是空间几何学、人文空间性、激进的空间、空间的生产;它们体现了人文地理学与数学、哲学和其它社会科学的紧密关联与交叉。20世纪80年代以来兴起的后现代空间思想某种程度上契合康德空间观,但在哲学理念和侧重点上存在很大差异。由于不同空间认识论都有其价值,价值大小也难以评估,所以人文地理学学科地位与身份问题的争论已趋于淡化,这提示了人文地理空间研究可采取多重面向。哲学和其他学科在为人文地理提供依据和工具,使得人文地理学身份陷入迷离的同时也为其增添了活力和魅力,这是人文地理学面临的最大机遇与挑战。     

Theoretical Discussions and Some Research Tasks and Applied Problems in Economic Geography

Two economic geographers, commenting on Anuchin's latest book on the theory of geography, urge a halt to the fruitless debate over a “unified geography” and call for a more practical orientation of geographic research. Dwelling on a wide range of issues, from geography education to the content of geography journals, the authors hold that the man-nature relationship is no longer adequate as a conceptual framework for geography and that economic geography, in particular, must take into account political and social processes that fall within the province of political science and economics. A gap is found to have developed between political science, on the one hand, and economic geography, on the other, and the authors hold that such a gap might be filled by a discipline concerned with the spatial organization of economic processes. A legitimate role is seen here for a regional economics, or choreconomics. In the authors' view, geography would gain not only from a more pronounced economics-oriented economic geography, but also from a more practically oriented physical geography.     

Science,geography, and nation: the global creation of Thumba

Abstract

The origins of the Indian space program are typically traced back to the founding of a rocket launch base in Thumba in the state of Kerala in India in the 1960s. In creating infrastructure at Thumba, Indian scientific elites used geography as an instrument to create a vast international network of scientific and political actors committed to the science that was possible within India, particularly cosmic ray studies. They were drawing on a long tradition of linking geography to science redolent of the colonial era but were inspired by their newly constituted political imaginary of independent India as a place where science, geography, and nation were perfectly mapped on to each other. NASA’s help was crucial in this regard, enabled as a tool in Cold War high politics, as American technocrats sought to steer India towards the West, while India itself was keenly aware of a more proximate phenomenon, Pakistan’s own burgeoning efforts to do the same. Concerned about domestic opprobrium to large Indian investments in space technology, Indian and American actors shielded the Thumba project from critique by installing it under the umbrella of the international order, in this case the United Nations. This internationalism was complemented by a deep and firm belief in the universalism of modern science as a portable instrument, capable of improving the social order anywhere, regardless of political or social context.