长株潭地区聚落空间演化及其与耕地的空间关系研究

对2000年、2005年及2010年的遥感影像图进行解译,得到3个时期的土地利用分类图,运用景观指数法和空间分析法等方法,对长株潭地区聚落的空间演化特征及动因进行分析,并分析了聚落与耕地之间的空间关系。结果表明:长株潭地区聚落的面积、数量规模和分布密度加速扩大,集中分布在高程200 m以下;聚落空间演化的自然动因是低地平原指向,而社会动因是人口规模的变化;提出耕地与聚落面积比指数(K)概念,根据K值的大小可以将耕地与聚落的空间组合关系分为3类地区:耕地资源紧缺区、耕地资源平衡区、耕地资源盈余区;聚落与耕地的空间转移关系可以分为两大类:持续稳定型和动态变化型;长沙市周边耕地转为聚落的趋势十分明显;聚落空间扩张对耕地的影响存在一个空间临界点,城市化速度越快,临界点的位置距离聚落越远。     

晋中平原地区农村聚落扩展分析

在实地考察的基础上，章从规模、速度、形态和类型等方面分析了晋中平原地区农村聚落扩展的特点，并深入探讨了影响农村聚落扩展的因素，认为聚落扩展主要是人口增长和家庭规模变化、社会经济发展与收入增加、交通条件改善、农村地区工业化及其他因素共同作用的结果。最后指出了由于聚落扩展而带来的许多难以解决的问题。     

Regional Planning Problems in the Soviet Far East

A variety of approaches are being recommended in regional plans for future settlements patterns in the Soviet Far East. In Magadan Oblast, the present scattered pattern of small populated places is to be superseded by greater concentration of urban population in a set of subregional service centers. In Khabarovsk Kray, different approaches are being recommended for the future development of the Khabarovsk and Komsomol'sk areas. Because limitation of the future growth of Khabarovsk is desirable, new industrial establishments are to be located in the future in nearby small towns and urban settlements of the Khabarovsk industrial district. In the Komsomol'sk area, satellite towns are to be significantly developed, giving rise to a grouped form of urban settlement, including the tin-mining center of Solnechnyy and the paper and chemical center of Amursk. In Amur Oblast, consideration is being given to the development of an iron and steel plant in the Svobodnyy area, giving rise to a city of up to 200,000 population.     

快速城镇化背景下乡村聚落分形特征及影响因素研究——以广东省茂名市为例

本文基于分形理论,借助聚集维数、空间关联维数及形态维数,对茂名县域、市域及镇域乡村聚落分形特征进行研究,并从自然地理、人口、设施建设和经济发展方面构建指标体系,运用Pearson相关性分析法,探讨分形影响因素.研究表明:①乡村聚落呈多尺度、多分形特征.聚集性从市域到镇域呈从地理导向到行政导向的趋势,高城镇化水平地区聚集...     

The Rayon Seats of the USSR in the System of Services

The administrative centers of rayons (county-type civil divisions) are viewed as key elements in the provision of services in the USSR. The effectiveness of rayon seats as service centers is analyzed in terms of the category of places serving as rayon seats (small cities; urban-type settlements [towns]; rural places), mean rayon population, area and radius, and the mean transport accessibility of the rayon center. The existence of a small city with a high level of services in a small rayon, as in the Baltic region, Belorussia, Moldavia and parts of the Ukraine, is viewed as optimal. Particular problems arise in Siberia and Kazakhstan, where the large size of rayons, low mean rayon population, big rayon radius and low transport accessibility combine to produce a low level of services. In such regions, a system of local service centers is advocated, with rayon seats performing the role of major regional centers.     

16—20世纪滇池流域的乡村聚落与人地关系——以柴河三角洲为例

本文选取滇池南缘的柴河三角洲为研究对象,试图在小尺度范围内复原明清以来柴河三角洲乡村聚落的发展、分布,并进一步揭示明清以降在人类活动加剧的背景下滇池流域的人地互动。研究发现,从明代中后期至清代,柴河三角洲在滇池水利开发、三角洲营田技术的运用以及南岸入滇河流自然沉积的共同作用下得以迅速沉积,最终形成于18世纪。聚落随着三角洲的沉积不断向滇池岸边拓展。受到土地开发过程和土壤肥力分布等因素的影响,聚落分布的密度则从三角洲上部到底端逐渐递减。     

Deserted medieval villages and fields in Germany,a survey of the literature with a select bibliography

In Germany research into deserted settlements developed into an important branch of settlement history. It was realized that the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, following on a period of high-medieval expansion of settlement and cultivated land, were themselves a time of great decline. The theoretical explanation for this development is the late-medieval agricultural crisis, a concomitant of the late-medieval fall in population. We must distinguish between a high-medieval phase of settlement desertion associated with a concentration of population into larger villages and towns without a drop in absolute population figures, and a late-medieval desertion period when settlements and fields contracted because of loss of life due to famines and the Black Death. Different research methods have been used to locate deserted settlement sites, both from documentary evidence (Rückschreibung) and by doing field-work. By mapping the relict features of deserted villages and fields our knowledge of the evolution of settlement- and field-patterns was increased. In particular, the evolution of the three-field-system has been explained as part of the concentration of population into larger settlements. A classification of the desertion process has helped with the terminological clarification of the subject, although there remain areas of dispute. The introduction of the desertion quotient made it possible to map the distribution of the deserted settlements. In the light of most recent research based on medieval archaeology this map needs corrections. It is now obvious that the late-medieval desertion quotient was not only high in areas of marginal land quality but also in fertile areas with a long history of settlement continuity. In those areas vestiges of earlier occupations were literally ploughed into the ground. This example illustrates that future research on deserted settlements must be of an interdisciplinary nature.     

An Approach to the Mapping of Changes in the Settling Process

A variety of mapping techniques are used to establish regional differences in the settling process in Irkutsk Oblast and to measure the process in general terms. The most dynamic area, with urban and rural population growth, is the Middle Angara valley, where industrialization has been combined with the development of rural nonfarm places based on resource development and construction. Both urban and rural decline is typical of old mining districts, such as the coal district of Cheremkhovo and the gold area of Bodaybo. In most of Irkutsk Oblast, urban growth has been associated with rural decline. An important factor in the rural settling process has been a reduction of the number of places and an increase of the mean size of places, with remarkable stability in the 200–300 population class of rural places. Analysis of the settling process yields a map that distinguishes population growth, decline or stability in combination with a predominance of particular population size classes among rural places. A previous paper by the author on the mapping of the settling process appeared in Soviet Geography, December 1969.     

On the Mapping of the Settling Process

Existing types of maps are found inadequate for an analysis of the settling process in a particular territory over a given period. The author proposes a technique for the compilation of map diagrams in which squares drawn at the map scale and with their centers at the seats of minor civil divisions represent areas of “possible settlement.” The squares are computed according to the formula S = H × 0.34 km², where H is the total population of the particular minor civil division and 0.34 km² is the mean area per person in the major civil division (Irkutsk Oblast). A comparison of the areas of the squares for different years shows graphically the direction of the settling process and any regional differences in the process. Cartograms based on these map diagrams show changes in the structure of the density of settlement in the intervening period.     

苏北地区乡村聚落的格局特征与类型划分

以苏北地区乡村聚落为研究对象,运用RS和GIS技术,利用景观分析方法,选取空间韵律指数及聚类分析探讨苏北地区乡村聚落的格局特征及类型划分,结果表明,苏北地区乡村聚落的空间分布存在明显的地域差异。徐淮平原聚落规模大而稀疏;淮阴平原聚落规模相对大,较密集;盐城地区聚落规模小而密集。聚落被划分为盐宿地区聚落高密度分布区、徐连淮丘陵地区聚落中密度分布区、淮阴平原过渡性聚落均匀分布区及徐淮平原聚落稀疏分布区四种典型的类型区。     

Changes in the Geography of Rural Settlement in the Old Settled Areas of the Virgin Lands

The present settlement pattern of the long-settled northern part of the virgin lands consists of relatively small population centers. On the basis of field work, the author finds that the concentration of population in larger centers at the expense of subsidiary settlements would provide better services to the rural population without interfering with the efficiency of farm operations.     

我国中部地区农村聚居现状及调控模式研究

本文在中部六省社会经济统计数据基础上,结合50个村529份问卷调查数据,从聚居形态、聚居空间、聚居功能、聚居主体以及聚居设施等方面对中部地区农村聚居现状进行全面分析,研究结论显示:中部地区农村聚居密度不均,规模各异,形态多样,总体分布较散;住宅占地面积较大,一户多宅现象明显,农户集中居住意愿强;生产生活形态多样化趋势开始出现,"劳务输出+传统农业"型村庄依然占主体;农户兼业行为增加,幸福感增强,但新型社会问题显现;基础设施相对滞后,公共服务有待完善。针对其现状特征及存在的问题,提出四种适宜的农村聚居调控模式,即转型升级模式、整治更新模式、保护控制模式、迁并转移模式,并深入比较分析了各类型模式的调控主体、调控对象、调控机制、调控路径差异,认为不同类型、不同区域的农村,应选择适宜的农村聚居调控模式,因地制宜,分类实施。     

Harvesting molluscs in the Eneolithic: a study of freshwater bivalve accumulations from the tell settlements of Borduşani-Popină and Hârşova (Romania, 5th millennium BC)

Freshwater bivalve shells are frequently identified in faunal assemblages from Neo-Eneolithic tell settlements along the Danube River valley in South-East Romania (5th millennium BC). Up until now, significant accumulations of freshwater bivalve shells have been identified only in household refuse areas of the settlements, where they form consistent shell layers. The origin and formation of such shell accumulations and, more generally, the role of bivalves in the animal economy of the prehistoric populations that inhabited the settlements, are poorly understood. Two freshwater bivalve shell accumulations were studied in household refuse areas of Eneolithic tell settlements, one at Bordu?ani-Popin? and the other at Hâr?ova tell. The occurrence of similar accumulations in the two settlements indicates generalized practices between the two communities. This first study of such accumulations addresses the relationship between bivalves and other animal species used in alimentation by the two Eneolithic communities, as well as the relationships between these communities, their environment, and the evolution of the settlements. Bivalves were harvested in the close vicinity of the settlements and large quantities were obtained only towards the end of the summer season. During this season there is an inverse relationship between high water levels in the river and the availability of bivalves for harvesting. Bivalves played an important role in the alimentation of the prehistoric populations – at Hâr?ova tell their contribution to alimentation in terms of energetic yield surpasses that of fish, at least for the short period of time represented by the stratigraphic sequence analysed. Bivalve shells were used, along with other types of household refuse, in construction techniques aimed at limiting soil humidity in the settlements and inside the dwellings.     

国内外农村居民点区位研究评述

随着人类经济社会的发展,居民点的外在特征和空间结构也在不断的演化与变迁,居住地点的选址和布局最能反映出人类活动与地理环境之间的相互影响与作用机制。目前国内外在城市居住区位研究方面已经形成大量研究成果,相比之下,农村居民点相关研究还存在一定滞后。文章从居民点区位影响因素、区位演变、居民点分布和等级结构四方面对国外相关研究进行了评述,梳理了国内农村居民点区位研究的相关内容,在此基础上对存在的问题进行了讨论和总结,并对今后研究内容进行了展望。     

基于空间特征的秦巴山区农村居民点整理分区与潜力测算

整理分区划定和整理潜力测算是农村居民点整理的核心内容。本文综合地形位、缓冲区、可达性、景观指数和Voronoi 图,引入空间分异特征指数,定量分析农村居民点用地特征,实现整理区合理划分;改进潜力测算模型,结合经济社会、土地利用、农户意愿因素,构建整理潜力综合评价指标体系,以秦巴山区竹溪县为例进行实证研究。结果表明：竹溪县农村居民点空间分异特征指数值位于0.0433-0.8038 之间;全县农村居民点可分为优先整理区、重点整理区、优化调控区和城镇发展区,现实潜力904.63 hm²,仅为传统潜力的65.42%;根据各乡镇潜力系数,划分为3 级潜力区。空间分异的潜力测算、整理区和潜力区划分,为确定因地制宜的整理模式和符合实际的整理时序提供依据。     

News Notes

The settling of the Russians in Siberia is considered in the framework of three periods: (1) the 17th century, when the initial nucleus of the Russian population contingent was formed; (2) the 18th century and first half of the 19th, when in-migration declined and natural increase assumed a greater role in population growth; (3) the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, when Eastern Siberia's population grew at about the same rate as that of Russia as a whole, mainly through natural increase. Differences in natural increase, migration, economic activity and ethnic composition accounted for a wide diversification of the settling process within the region, and a number of distinctive settlement areas are described and mapped for the last two periods. Except for the initial intensive migration flow that gave rise to the nucleus of Russian population, Eastern Siberia's population growth before the 1917 Revolution derived mainly from natural increase, with migration playing a subordinate role.     

土默特平原聚落分布形态演变及其驱动因素分析(1934—2019)

选取土默特平原1934、1982和2019年的聚落人口数据,运用GIS空间分析法,定性与定量结合分析研究区聚落分布形态演变及其驱动因素,结果表明,1934—2019年土默特平原以小聚落为主,大规模聚落数量和比例逐年增加,人口等级结构由“扁平”向“长高”金字塔形转变。聚落空间分布整体呈现集聚分布特征,大规模聚落集聚性不显著,其他规模的聚落分布模式由随机向集聚转变,研究区人口极化现象显著;聚落空间分布非均衡发展趋势明显,呈现由极核式向点轴式演变的迹象;聚落网络联系的空间近邻效应显著,人口规模较大的中心城区成为强联系节点。地形、河流、交通是研究区聚落分布形态演变的主要驱动因素,聚落低海拔、邻河流、邻干道、邻城镇的指向性强。该研究便于厘清土默特平原近百年聚落分布形态的演变脉络,为当地聚落的空间布局优化与调控提供一定参考价值。     

The Formation of Functional Types of Settlements in the Southern Tayga

The original settlement pattern of farming villages in the Angara-Yenisey river district, which dates from the 17th century, has been greatly altered by the introduction of new economic activities, such as gold mining, lumbering, and transport services. A flow of population from agriculture to industry has been evident in the steady decline of population in farming villages, many of which have been amalgamated with adjoining industrial settlements.     

Settlement Patterns, Source–Sink Dynamics, and Artiodactyl Hunting in the Prehistoric U.S. Southwest

Numerous studies in the US Southwest suggest that prehistoric artiodactyl populations in areas of dense human settlement experienced population reductions which substantially reduced their availability to human hunters. Although most assemblages from villages in this region are dominated by lagomorphs, some settlements maintained greater access to artiodactyls. Factors influencing this variability include both local settlement history and settlement location relative to productive source areas for large game. In our study areas, source–sink dynamics likely contributed to the long-term resilience of hunted artiodactyl populations and allowed villagers continued access to animals moving in from source areas despite relatively rapid game depletion in heavily hunted areas immediately around villages.     

Ways of Combining the Economy of the Indigenous Peoples of the North with New Economic Activities in Pioneering Areas

Integrated development of the pioneering areas of northern Siberia requires that the economy of the indigenous population be combined with the new mining industries. In the early stages of development this was achieved by hiring out reindeer as draft and pack animals to geological and other survey parties in remote areas. With the development of modern transportation, the reindeer economy should be reoriented from its past exclusive transport functions to the production of meat and hides for a growing urban population in the new mining settlements.