SALINIZATION IN UZBEKISTAN

As the amount of agricultural lands has increased over the years in Uzbekistan, problems associated with the impacts of irrigation water use have occurred. The most serious and widespread of the effects may be the secondary salinization of soils. Serious salinization problems along the lower courses of the Syr Dar'ya and Amu Dar'ya basins are a contrast to milder problems along their upper courses. This paper illustrates the extent of the soil salinization problem in Uzbekistan, identifies key problem areas, and demonstrates the need for an adequate response.     

我国城市化的现实问题及其对未来经济可持续发展的影响

文章对我国城市化现状进行了分析,指出我国城市化存在三大问题,即城市化滞后于工业化、城市化滞后于非农化、城市用地规模外延式扩展。在此基础上分析了加快城市化进程对刺激消费、扩大内需,摆脱市场疲软局面,促进我国经济可持续发展的影响,指出提高城市化水平是促进我国经济可持续发展的有效途径。     

THE NATURE OF THE MANPOWER PROBLEM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIBERIA

The traditional picture of the economic development in Siberia presents a formidable obstacle in the form of a manpower deficit and high labor turnover. The official policy to combat this problem has been to give priority to the development of social and cultural amenities. Substantial changes in wage differentials and other economic and non-economic benefits seem to be a measure of the past. This article presents an overview of the situation and suggests that if any public policy is to be effective, it has to combine accelerated development in the social and cultural spheres and economic and noneconomic benefits as well. Furthermore, these measures have to be more differentiated regionally and among worker categories. Any such policy would require massive investment. The question is whether Soviet society can bear this huge burden in view of more immediate needs. Another question is whether the additional investment required would be compensated by a comparable increase in the productivity of labor. In view of substantial cost increases, capital productivity is likely to decline if not compensated by a change in the calculated prices on Siberian products, especially oil and gas, which seems doubtful in view of the present international situation.     

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROBLEMS AND THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL PRODUCTION COMPLEXES IN DEVELOPED REGIONS: THE KMA

Present and anticipated future environmental problems associated with past and projected development of the iron ore resources of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) (the most rapidly expanding production basin in the USSR) are outlined. The area's environmental problems recently have become a major concern, as a result of a heavy emphasis on accelerating production from surface mines in the basin, with few resources being allocated for land reclamation and pollution control activities (see Soviet Geography, November 1986, pp. 679-682 and May 1988, p. 537). Major attention is given to identifying development strategies mitigating further environmental disruption and experimentation with promising land reclamation and pollution control measures (translated by Andrew R. Bond).     

中国古代园林设计中的自然理想观

自然地理环境早先与现代都对人文传统的景观有很大影响。中国古代风景园林发源于自然生态环境的审美选择,进而以顺乎自然的设计指导思想求得"虽由人作,宛自天开"的审美标准,更有人与自然相与融洽的审美理想。西方古典园林中人造的几何规则景观超越于一切自然。在现代中国盲目模仿西方城市摩天大楼景观的时候,现代西方城市规划学者正致力于研究中国古代先哲的思想精髓和古代文化遗产,为塑造现代人居环境的自然协调寻找新的灵感启迪。     

PROBLEMS IN THE SPATIAL REDISTRIBUTION OF STREAMFLOW

A report on a 1974 conference on interbasin transfers from Siberia to Central Asia compares the alternative stream-diversion projects west and east of the Urals and finds that north-south interbasin transfers in the European part of the country have a better chance for early implementation than the diversion from Siberia to Central Asia. The author urges consideration of a unified water-management system within the European part of the Soviet Union that would make it possible to dispatch streamflow from one basin to another much as electric power is transmitted through interconnections between power grids. Such an interconnected water-management system would be based on the premise that runoff volumes tend to be nonconcurrent in the various drainage basins of the Russian plain so that surplus runoff from “donor rivers” (Pechora, Northern Dvina, Onega and the lakes Onega and Ladoga) might be channeled southward to “consumer rivers” (Volga, Don, Dnieper and Ural).     

当前俄罗斯人口地理变动的新特点

俄罗斯是一个地广人稀的国家。在20世纪90年代世界性人口增长的大背景下,人口持续减少,已成为影响国家发展和民族生存的重大问题,特别是其人口的发展显示出有悖于世界人口增长普遍规律的一些特征,非常值得探讨和研究。本文在对俄罗斯人口的增长、结构、分布和城市化发展特点等四个方面进行全面分析的基础上,探讨了俄罗斯人口危机产生的经济、社会和文化原因。指出解决俄罗斯人口问题的当务之急是加快发展经济,全面提高人口的生存环境质量。     

新形势下我国人文地理学建设设想

当前我国正在构建社会主义市场经济,人文地理学应该适应社会经济发展,为社会及经济发展提供理论依据并积极参与实践。     

中国自然保护区生态旅游开发研究刍议

本文从生态旅游的角度的出发,阐述了自然保护区生态旅游开发的意义,分析了自然保护区生态旅游资源的特点和开发限制因素,初步探讨了我国自然保护区生态旅游开发原则。     

METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LABOR RESOURCES

Soviet population geographers have tended to study labor-resource problems at the level of major civil divisions, such as republics, krays and oblasts. There is a real need for investigating such problems at a more detailed regional level, down to particular rayons and urban places in which people live and are employed. Various types of economic-geographic investigations of labor-resource problems are suggested and a research strategy is proposed. The author notes that if population cannot be redistributed regionally in keeping with a given economic objective, economic plans may have to be revised on the basis of the actual labor resource situation.     

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF SETTLEMENT IN THE KMA

A paper devoted to demographic and labor-related issues in the development of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly focuses on the need to improve labor productivity and services provision (particularly health care) in emerging industrial nodes of the complex. Such measures are expected both to promote labor retention and reduce labor inputs necessary to achieve the same amount of work. A key element of future labor strategy, given current low levels of natural increase within the region, is the recruitment and retention of labor from outside the region and the planned development of settlement to reduce negative environmental impacts (translated by Andrew R. Bond).     

BASIC PROBLEMS IN THE STAGE-BY-STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSPORT NET IN THE ZONE OF THE BAIKAL-AMUR MAINLINE

The evolution of the transport net within the BAM zone is examined in terms of three development stages. The first stage will involve the construction of the initial framework of the future transport net; aside from the BAM itself, it is recommended that consideration be given to the construction of a permanent motor road instead of the temporary construction road now envisaged. The second stage, in the author's view, should include the start of an extension of the Little BAM northward toward Yakutsk, as well as an oil pipeline (the author does not agree with the view that the BAM would replace earlier plans for a Trans-Siberian pipeline). The third stage would include a gas pipeline from the Yakutian fields to the coast; it is recommended that the gas line follow the alignment of the new railroads. No specific time frame is attached to the proposed three development stages.     

从悖论浅议人地关系中的人性内涵

从哲学意义上说,不先研究人的秘密而想洞察自然的秘密那是根本不可能的。因此,有必要从人的"二律背反"本性内涵的表现出发去探寻人与地的关系。在探讨和分析了人地关系中人性内涵特征的基础上,从文化人与地的关系、人类自身的矛盾性、生存态度所决定的人性特征、忽略人性研究的严重后果等4个方面认知了人地关系中的人性内涵。最后在分析了技术与人性相互作用的前提下,指出了人性的本质内涵是内省式的"自己创造自己",而不是在对"地"的无限度索取中迷失自我,并提出人性内涵重新塑造和回归的设想。     

中国传统民居建筑文化的自然观及其渊源

本文讨论了中国传统民居建筑文化以功用观、审美观及生态观为内涵的自然观,并分析了它们的产生渊源是中国的地理环境、当时的自然经济以及中华和合文化中的"天人合一"思想。     

中国新石器时代的人地关系及其特点

地理环境对中国新石器时代文化的影响作用表现为对文化发展历程的影响、对文化发展速度的影响、对文化特征的影响、对文化格局的影响、对中华文明早期发生发展的影响等5个方面,中国新石器时代先民对于自然环境的利用与改造体现在农业生产活动的开展、采集渔猎经济的存在、家畜饲养业的发展、对居住地的选择、因地制宜的居宅建筑、生产生活用具的制造、对原有生态系统的干预等7个方面。新石器时代的人地关系具有人对地依赖性强、地对人制约严格、相互作用极为直接等特点。     

关于逆城市化的性质

逆城市化的现象自六十年代以来在发达国家相继出现。关于这一现象的性质、其结果对世界城市化进程的基本趋势的影响等问题,仍有各抒己见的认识。本文通过对目前关于逆城市化现象的一些主要认识倾向的评析,试图使该现象的基本特征、性质、趋势清晰化,以有助于更好地认识当前世界城市化进程的基本规律性,同时也为城市化的实践提供理论参考。