THE PRESENT STATE AND TASKS OF COMPLEX MAPPING IN THE USSR

Recent developments in the Soviet Union's program of national thematic mapping and regional complex mapping are reviewed. A comprehensive mapping program along these lines, formulated in 1969 by GUGK, the government planning agency, has not been implemented. National thematic maps in the Soviet Union continue to be compiled by individual government agencies without coordination and without uniformity in legend and design, so that comparability is made difficult. The only thematic GUGK maps now being prepared are concerned with two long-term regional development programs in the Soviet Union–the rural development plan for the Nonchernozem zone of the European RSFSR and the construction of the Baykal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railroad in the Soviet Far East. The need for a comprehensive and coordinated program of national thematic maps and regional atlases or map series is once again stressed in connection with economic planning and environmental problems, and a program of continuously updated regional atlases, based on digital data banks, is proposed. Suggestions are also made for the coordination of thematic maps at the international level.     

新时期城乡联姻现象的成因、特点与对策

本文针对我国普遍存在的城乡联姻现象,以西安市的几个实例分析和社会经济调查为基础,剖析城乡婚姻的成因与特点,并提出这一现象的发展趋势及应采取的对策。     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CASPIAN SHORELINE UNDER THE PRESENT INCREASE IN ITS LEVEL

The authors, questioning the implications for the Caspian of a conventional model of shoreline dynamics on a flat, sandy coast upon a rise in sea level, present the findings of field observations made along the Dagestan shore during the period (post-1977) of the recent rise of the Caspian Sea level. They argue that changes in coastal morphology have varied largely according to the steepness of the offshore slope and, in general, sharply accelerated erosion was observed only on more steeply sloping sections of coast and in areas previously protected by rock benches (translated by Jay K. Mitchell; PlanEcon, Inc.; Washington, DC 20005).     

河南省城镇发展演化的时空格局研究

利用2004年河南省997个城镇数据及夏代以来的城镇演化空间数据,对河南省城镇发展进行了时空梳理,河南省城镇数量的变化可以划分为5个阶段,呈现出较强的波动性,其原因主要有:全国经济重心南移、政治重心北上、政府行政干预等。河南省城镇分布的最初格局受当时人们取水方式等技术条件的限制呈现沿水系分布的空间格局,铁路的兴建使河南省城镇布局的限制条件得到改善,公路建设使城镇布局更加趋于合理、均衡。但不同区域经济的增长使城镇分布又相对集中,20世纪90年代以来,全省城镇分布向均衡化方向发展,同时在局部地域又有较为集中的块区。河南省城镇的空间格局基本符合中心地理论,但各地域的主导因素有一定差异。     

中国乡村社会空间的形成与演化

乡村社会空间反映了一定社会经济背景下乡村日常社会生活在地域空间上的分异与组合格局,其归根结底是由乡村社会主体的群体分化形成的。我国乡村发展历史悠久,改革开放以后变化尤其显著,研究其社会空间问题有一定现实意义。本文在对乡村社会空间的内涵进行阐释的基础上,分析了我国乡村社会空间的演变过程及现状特征,揭示了其形成演化的机制与规律,并对我国乡村社会空间的发展趋向进行了探讨。     

EVOLUTION OF URBAN SYSTEMS IN THE PARETO PLANE*

ABSTRACT Distributions of city sizes are usually characterized by their Pareto index. This, however, turns out to be a rather restrictive view, for the Pareto distribution is known to become singular whenever the Pareto index becomes smaller than one, a case which is fairly frequent in empirical distributions. We show that the introduction of finite Pareto distributions in which city sizes are bounded from above solves a number of difficulties encountered by the rank-size rule and by the unbounded Pareto distribution. Combined with the use of finite Pareto distributions, the green-belt model that has been introduced previously is reexamined. It implies definite constraints for the long-run evolution of urban systems; it is in the cases of countries experiencing a process of fast urbanization that these constraints are of greatest significance. The implications of the model are confronted with empirical evidence concerning the evolution of urban systems in major industrialized countries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.     

当前县级土地利用总体规划存在问题探讨

在概括了当前县级土地利用总体规划的特点后,分析了其中存在的四个问题,然后提出了改进办法。     

城乡一体化过程中聚落选址和布局的演变

城乡一体化是区域经济发展到一定阶段的产物,它在客观上表现为聚落选址和布局的演变:即在发达地区表现为居民聚集区由点状分布趋向面状分布,在欠发达地区表现为由点状分布趋向线状分布。这种聚落选址和布局的演变是城乡一体化过程中经济发展的必然结果,受着影响经济发展的因素的制约;然而,聚落选址和布局演变又是影响经济发展的一个重要因素,制约着区域经济的发展。在城乡一体化过程中,现代交通取向,现代市场取向、现代工业取向和现代人口取向是聚落演变的重要推动力,影响聚落选址和布局的基本格局。不同的聚落选址和布局对区域经济的发展有着加速或延缓的作用。     

从自然主义到结构主义:地缘政治学方法论演变

本文透过地缘政治理论中各种具体的解释方法,对不同时期地缘政治学进行方法论特征的考察,发现地缘政治理论的发展经历了从自然主义模式、空间-权力关系模式到结构主义模式的演变。结构主义模式是当代地缘政治理论的重要方法论特征,与其它模式相比,表现出较好的解释能力。对地缘政治学方法论演变的历史考察,有助于我们思考未来地缘政治理论建设的趋向,其中以行为体为主体的新地缘政治结构理论建设是地缘政治理论方法论创新的重要选择。     

陕西乡村聚落分布特征及其演变

本文在探讨陕西三大地区乡村聚落宏观分布的基础上,对各地区传统的农业乡村聚落的形成及发展的空间类型、原因作了比较研究,同时,总结了目前乡村聚落的一些空间演变趋势。     

THE EVOLUTION OF FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS IN CANADA: SOME REFLECTIONS

The Canadian Confederation has endured for more than a century, but the country retains extensive internal divisions. Indeed, the presence of a separatist provincial government in Quebec illustrates that Canada's fragmentations not only have persisted but may actually be deepening. This article comprises an examination of the relationship between federal and provincial governments from the Confederation period of the 1860s to the present. The objective is an appreciation of how the federation has developed into the current form of executive federalism. The historical discussion considers the successive and distinct intervals of federal-provincial relations which preceded executive federalism. They are the Confederation era, dual federalism, and cooperative federalism. Executive federalism entails a series of conferences between officials of federal and provincial governments in which national policy in fields of common interest is negotiated.

The article maintains that four themes firmly grounded in Confederation pervade the evolution of federal-provincial relations. They are: the absence of a sense of national allegiance throughout Canada; the constitution's explicit assignment of important responsibilities to the provinces; the disproportionate strength of Ontario and Quebec; and Quebec's relentless cultural individuality. Because these characteristics have, if anything, intensified in recent years, executive federalism is now necessary to accommodate conflicts between federal and provincial governments. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, both Canada's centrifugal character and executive federalism may be expected to continue indefinitely. The adversary nature of executive federalism, and the advantages which it offers to certain provinces, assure that a high level of federal-provincial tension also will be perpetuated.     

THE SPATIALITIES OF ACTUALLY EXISTING NEOLIBERALISM IN GLASGOW, 1977 TO PRESENT

Resisting the temptation to view the neoliberalization of urban policy as unidirectional, pure and hegemonic, this article sets out to make sense of the biography of the process in one city in particular, Glasgow. It attempts to organize, marshall and discipline existing literature on the city's local economic, planning and welfare policies, so as to offer a longitudinal reading of Glasgow's encounter with neoliberal reform across the period 1977 to the present. The article questions whether Glasgow's new political‐economic dispensation is capable of stabilizing local capitalist social relations and securing a new local growth trajectory. Space emerges as a critical part of the story. Neoliberalism has interlaced with historical structures, ideologies and policies to produce a range of new hybrid and mutant socio‐spatial formations and because it does not amount to a pure and coordinated project these socio‐spatial formations contradict and collide as often as they reinforce. Precisely because of the contingent and complicated spatialities it deposits, neoliberalism will continue to struggle to secure a regulatory framework capable of stabilizing local accumulation indefinitely.     

珠江三角洲客、货运量的空间演化研究

本文分析了改革开放以来珠江三角洲地区客运量、货运量的总体变化特点。根据珠江三角洲各县市客运量与货运量在珠江三角洲地区各自所占的比重,选取了1980、1985、1990、1995、1998五个时间段,分析客运量与货运量在珠江三角洲地区的空间分布形态。     

长春市居住与工业空间演进的耦合性测度及影响因素

以长春市为研究对象,基于用地现状图等数据,借助ArcGIS软件,采用斑块聚合指数、标准差椭圆、核密度估计等研究方法,对1995-2013年长春市居住与工业空间演进的耦合性进行了测度,发现： ①长春市居住、工业与城市用地分布的“离散化”趋势明显,其中居住用地的斑块聚合指数波动幅度较大;②从居住与工业用地“中心-外围”分布特征来看,三环以内居住与工业用地呈现明显的“逆协同”演变规律,二者的用地密度变化表现出明显的差异性;③从居住与工业用地格局演进来看,二者布局的耦合度呈下降趋势。从成长路径依赖、政府调控引导、市场经济驱动、科技创新带动、空间主体的决策等六个方面分析了影响居住与工业空间演进耦合性的影响因素。     

中原地区史前陶窑发展演变研究

陶器是新石器时代的广域性文化遗存之一,明显改变了史前人类包括饮食结构在内的诸多生活方式,并促进了史前文化的繁荣与发展,因而制陶术也被视为史前人类的重大发明之一.以往对制陶技术的研究多集中在制坯成型工艺方面,陶窑结构虽也被纳入考察的范畴,却未能充分考虑烧制技术与陶窑结构之间的内在联系,似乎一直没有把握住陶窑形态结构演变的核心特征.中原地区(本文主要指河南及山西中南部)不仅是新石器时代文化发展的重要区域,也发现有裴李岗文化以来各个阶段的史前陶窑遗存,为探讨史前陶窑的结构演变及烧制技术提供了较系统的实物依据.本文在充分考虑烧制技术的基础上,通过陶窑形态结构分类,力求把握其结构演变的核心特征及演变规律.     

江苏省乡镇企业的现状评价及发展途径

本文基于江苏省乡镇企业的现状,评价了江苏省乡镇企业的发展态势,分析了制约今后发展的若干因素,并提出了进一步提高其发展速度和水平的几条途径。     

新时期的新疆人口问题及其调控对策

西部大开发战略给新疆发展带来了难得的历史机遇,人口作为PRED的重要组成部分,对新疆的开发和实施可持续发展具有十分重要的作用。本文详细分析了新疆人口的空间分布特点及其时间变化态势,并运用系统动力学模型对未来人口的变化趋势和绿洲人口合理容量进行了模拟仿真,提出了人口增长的高中低三个方案,在分析了人口增长过快所带来问题的基础上,提出了相应的对策建议。