ON THE STUDY OF SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS BY MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Two Soviet regional planners test several spatial interaction models with particular reference to the Kuznetsk Basin (Kemerovo Oblast), the southern belt of West Siberia and a portion of the North Caucasus (Krasnodar Kray). Existing techniques, such as gravity and potential models, are found to work well in areas with relatively uniform settlement patterns, such as the steppe zone of Krasnodar Kray or the southern Ob'-Irtysh subregion of West Siberia, but not in areas with sharp contrasts in settlement patterns, such as the Kuznetsk Basin, where a linear highly urbanized belt is enclosed between sparsely populated mountains. In such contrasting settings, a combination of methods is required.     

城市化空间增长上限确定的研究综述

本文从概念、理论及因素等方面对目前在城市化空间增长约束作用的特征进行了梳理,认为目前的研究存在着区域宏观尺度的把握较少、因素集成分析较少、缺乏直接针对城市用地本身与其他因素的相关关系分析等不足。笔者认为从约束角度开展对城市化空间增长上限的研究工作,关键是如何确定区域水资源安全容量、粮食安全下的耕地最小规模、可恢复条件下生态空间的最小规模或城市生产生活所需的最小生态空间规模等阈值,并提出城市化空间增长上限确定的方法和途径。     

温州大都市区形成机制及其空间结构研究

大都市区是发达的城市化区域,它包括城市核心区和与之在经济、社会、文化上有紧密联系的地区。21世纪到来之际,大都市区发生了巨大的变化。大都市区,无论是走向繁荣还是衰退,都面临着经济发展、基础设施建设、环境保护、社会平等发展战略问题。本文以温州为例,在对区域经济发展水平差异和客流、物流分析的基础上,界定了温州大都市区范围;通过对温州大都市区的研究认为,宏观政策机制、市场机制、工业化模式、温州人精神和温州社会网络是温州大都市区形成的重要动力源泉;最后,作者以上述研究为依据,提出了近期和远期温州大都市区空间结构设想。     

19世纪英国城市现代化初探

城市现代化是城市化发展的高级阶段。19世纪的英国不仅是世界上第一个城市化国家,而且率先在城市现代化方面做出新的探索。首先在城市物质环境方面进行了巨大的改革,从城市街道的规划改造,到居民住宅的建筑规范,从居民私人空间的营造,到城市公共空间的建设,使城市的物质环境有了极大的改善。其次,在城市的管理方面也进行了全面探索,使城市管理摆脱了中世纪的寡头统治,进入到民主监督与管理的时代。由此,使城市的发展在经历了第一个阶段的数量扩张后,进入到了质量的增长时期,即向城市现代化方向迈进。     

新型城市化地区居民城市公共空间认知与利用研究——以天津经济技术开发区为例

在城市化的过程中,随着大城市空间的扩张,出现了一种与传统的外延型城市化完全不同的新型城市化地区。这些新型城市化地区的出现显著改变了大城市的地域空间结构,并已成为我国城市化和城市空间扩张的重要方式。以天津经济技术开发区居民社区发展问卷调查为第一手资料,通过分析居民对这一新型城市化地区不同阶段有代表性的城市公共空间的认知状况、利用状况及其影响因素,为此类型地区的城市公共空间建设提供科学依据。     

Increasing Societal Discomfort About a Dominant Restrictive Planning Discourse on Open Space in Flanders,Belgium

The specific spatial context in the densely urbanized northern part of Belgium, Flanders, offers a sort of laboratory conditions to study, design and plan fragments of open space in an urbanizing context. A chronological analysis of documents in three periods relevant to Flemish spatial planning policy allows us to conclude that one single planning discourse has reigned spatial planning in Flanders already since the design of the first zoning plans 45 years ago. This planning discourse considers city and countryside as two separate and separated entities. Today, however, the validity of this dominant discourse is increasingly under pressure. An obvious societal need appears to be growing to turn around the perception of a possible contradiction between city and countryside. In a densely urbanized spatial context, alternative planning discourses should be based on the idea of open spaces that offer complementary services within a partnership between city and countryside.     

积极开展海洋人文地理学研究促进我国海洋开发

海洋经济地理研究工作大体上是从我国进行全国海岸带调查时开展起来的,前后开展了海岸带(包括从岸线起陆上10公里至水下-15米〈实际已达-35米〉的地带)的资源调查与评价、社会经济调查与评价、资源利用与开发设想,以及乡镇、县和市的综合开发研究(例如小区综合开发试验和县、市国民经济发展综合规划的研究)等项研究工作,取得了一批成果,也积累了一些经验,特别是发现了一些问题.由于这一时期是以     

旅游区域联合开发研究——以粤西海岛旅游开发为例

文章从分析粤西海岛旅游开发的现状入手,提出运用区域联合开发是粤西海岛旅游可持续发展的关键。采用对比分析的方法,客观地评价了粤西海岛旅游开发现状和优劣势,认为要解决粤西各海岛现存的对海岛资源破坏性的过渡开发和各海岛之间的替代性竞争,必须建立粤西海岛旅游联合区,采用粤西海岛旅游区域联合开发的模式。并依据联合开发模式,发挥各海岛的优势,从客源细分和产品设计对粤西海岛旅游联合区进行整体定位。     

中国科技园区位布局探析--以西安科技园区为例

科技园区是20世纪高技术产业化方面最重要的创举,创建科技园区以发展高技术产业已成为国际趋势。国内外研究表明,科技园区成功的关键的因素之一是区位布局,一般只有大城市的区位条件,才能为高技术企业的技术创新提供各种聚集经济条件。因而科技园区必然在城市化地区首先出现。但国内外科技园区的实践证明,这一结论没有普遍性。本分析了科技园区布局的一般规律,并以西安科技园区位布局为例作分析验证,以期为科技园区的布局提供科学依据。     

Radiocarbon method in monitoring of fossil fuel emission

The traditional radiocarbon method widely used in archaeology and geology for chronological purposes can also be used in environmental studies. Combustion of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, petroleum, etc., in industrial and/or heavily urbanized areas, has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The addition of fossil carbon caused changes of carbon isotopic composition, in particular, a definite decrease of ¹⁴C concentration in atmospheric CO₂ and other carbon reservoirs (ocean and terrestrial biosphere), known as the Suess effect. Tree rings, leaves, as well as other annual growing plants reflected the changes of radiocarbon concentration in the atmosphere due to processes of photosynthesis and assimilation of carbon from the air. By measuring radiocarbon concentration directly in atmospheric CO₂ samples and/or biospheric material growing in industrial and/or highly urbanized areas where high emission of dead carbon is expected, it is possible to estimate the total emission of dead CO₂. Based on equations of mass balance for CO₂ concentration, stable isotopic composition of carbon and radiocarbon concentration it is possible to calculate CO₂ con-centration associated with fossil fuel emission into the atmosphere. The procedure use differences between the radiocarbon concentration and stable isotope composition of carbon observed in clean areas and industrial or/and highly urbanized areas.     

Geographical Aspects of Urbanization

From the geographical point of view, urbanization is treated as a result of economic development as it affects the settlement through the spatial structure of the economy. The spatial structure of the economy and the settlement patterns determine the character of land use in particular physical environments. The urbanization process gives rise to a new, urbanized environment, involving both settlement forms and an altered physical environment. Geographers can make a contribution in urbanization research by focusing on three groups of questions: (1) an analysis of the spatially expressed factors of urbanization to gain an understanding of the mechanism by which an urbanized environment is created; (2) study of settlement and the physical environment as they change in the course of urbanization; (3) investigation of the impact of urbanization on man in terms of mobility, employment, education, etc. Separate indicators need to be developed for each group of questions, crowned ultimately by an integral, synthetic indicator (or indicators) that would offer a generalized characterization of the urbanization process as a whole.     

MEASURING THE LEVEL OF RURAL SERVICES

Measurements of the level of rural services must take into account the gravitation of rural communities toward service centers. The problem is complicated by the overlapping of the service areas of different centers. An attempt is made to develop an integral measure of the level of services using a gravity model.     

POLARIZATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF URBANIZED AREAS WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING LIVING CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Some general principles for the design of urbanized areas are proposed with a view to satisfying the needs of residents, insuring the normal operation of cities and optimizing interaction with the natural environment. The optimal design takes the general form of a letter Y and seeks to separate industrial and residential zones by a protective greenbelt.     

城市土地利用结构的熵值定律

根据对郑州、广州等城市的土地结构分析,总结出关于城市土地利用的信息熵值规律:大城市用地结构的信息熵一般大于小城市的信息熵,综合性城市的信息熵严格大于专业化城市的信息熵,城市化地区的信息熵必须大于各功能区的信息熵。基于信息熵值规律,提出了关于城市空间形态的分维包容原理:城市化地区土地形态的分形维数必须大于各类型土地空间分布的分形维数。     

沪宁杭城市群区发展趋势探讨

沪宁杭城市群区发展趋势探讨姚士谋Ｊ．Ｎｉｐｐｅｒ（中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所）（德国科隆大学地理所）关键词城市群区,集聚功能,基础设施建设,外向型经济,国际化城市沪宁杭地区位于中国东部沿海居中的地理位置,历史上也是属于经济比较发达与城镇密集的区域...     

基于体验旅游的景区廊道空间设计

旅游的本质是追求心理的愉悦体验[1],旅游景区实际是为旅游者创造和提供体验舞台、体验道具进而使其达到不同的体验效果的地理空间。基于体验效用差异,景区廊道空间扮演了体验的引导作用,其廊道空间体验类型包括推进型和对比型两类;借用旅游体验场理论和形式美学理论,对景区廊道空间设计着重应从旅游审美主体的五官功能感受入手,尤其是视觉和听觉体验设计;在具体设计时还应注意体验主题、景区资源和游客主体体验经验差异的影响。     

发达国家与发展中国家城市化若干问题的对比研究

本文首先对比了发达国家和发展中国家城市化进程上的差别,简要分析了经济发展水平对城市化进程的制约作用;阐述了两类国家城市化发展的新态势与存在的三方面主要问题,即城市化水平的差距日趋缩小、发展中国家受到过度城市化与大城市急剧膨胀的严峻挑战、发达国家进入逆城市化与再城市化的新阶段;最后针对全球化背景下城市化发展面临的机遇和风险,提出对各国城市化协调发展战略的初步思考。     

BASIC PROBLEMS IN THE STAGE-BY-STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSPORT NET IN THE ZONE OF THE BAIKAL-AMUR MAINLINE

The evolution of the transport net within the BAM zone is examined in terms of three development stages. The first stage will involve the construction of the initial framework of the future transport net; aside from the BAM itself, it is recommended that consideration be given to the construction of a permanent motor road instead of the temporary construction road now envisaged. The second stage, in the author's view, should include the start of an extension of the Little BAM northward toward Yakutsk, as well as an oil pipeline (the author does not agree with the view that the BAM would replace earlier plans for a Trans-Siberian pipeline). The third stage would include a gas pipeline from the Yakutian fields to the coast; it is recommended that the gas line follow the alignment of the new railroads. No specific time frame is attached to the proposed three development stages.     

在总结历史经验中理解和构建科学理论体系

中共十七大报告中关于经济问题的论述把经济规律与我国改革开放的实践历程相结合,充分体现了理论来自实践又指导实践的历史唯物主义的科学方法。十七大报告关于经济方面的论述有六个新提法:经济"发展"方式替代了经济"增长"方式,体现了对实践经验的总结和理论认识的深化;注重协调、调控和规划,体现了经济体制转轨进程中宏观调控的新特点;翻两番由"总量"到"人均",体现了经济发展水平与经济发展目标的新阶段;关注初次分配中的公平,要提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重,体现了收入分配领域在发展变革中的新动向;在过去提"工业化、城镇化、市场化、国际化"的同时增加了"信息化",首次在党代会报告中写入"廉租房制度",体现了生产力与城市化发展的新要求;将区域经济发展与国土开发联系起来,首次提出"推动区域协调发展,优化国土开发格局"和"主体功能区定位",体现了区域经济发展的新阶段与新思路。