南京政府初期文科与实科比例失衡的社会政治效应

南京政府所谓的“青年问题”实质上反映了它们对1920年代和1930年代中国政治继续动荡的恐惧与抵制。民初以来的高等教育,其文科与实科的比例结构与社会需求之间严重失衡倾向的日益积累,导致了越来越多游离于社会生产结构之外的文科学生成为批判现实的社会科学最为热情的接受群体。当他们的切身遭遇在学理上被引向对社会制度的道德质问时,社会科学表现为20世纪30年代具有颠覆性的一种时尚。这些学生也由此为抗议南京政府的政治组织所吸纳,从而掀起了此起彼伏的让南京当局头痛的政治风浪。     

空灵世界 自然法则下的高原生活

藏羚羊,中国境内仅存的大规模迁徙的兽类,年复一年地在羌塘沿着祖先走过的路奔跑。在奔跑时,因为剧烈活动,它们胸膛中发出厚重的呼吸声,如同火车蒸汽机在轰隆。途中遇到河流,领头的几只公羚羊便并列在一起以角触地抵御,避免幼年的小羚羊被河水冲走。棕熊在山上的石头里挖洞栖身,冬眠苏醒后吃一种荨麻科的植物帮助     

When Natural met Social: A Review of Collaboration between the Natural and Social Sciences

Abstract

This paper investigates the opportunities for further collaboration between the natural and social sciences. From 81 systematically identified and reviewed papers published in scientific journals, it became clear that complex situations that depend on human behaviour as well as natural processes require natural–social science collaboration. The creation of a community of collaborative natural–social science research, that learns from and can contribute to best practice across the sciences, is advocated to support natural– social science collaboration. Across disciplines, it became clear that such a community should deal with (1) difference between paradigms in the current sciences; (2) creation of skills and competences of the involved scientists; (3) scarcity of institutions sympathetic to collaborative research; and (4) the internal organization of collaborative projects.     

Laws,People and Land Use: A Sociological Perspective on the Relation Between Laws and Land Use

Public policy is often implemented through formal laws. In contrast to the typically optimistic ex-ante analyses of the impact of a set of laws, in retrospect it may be hard to determine what the laws concretely produced. Particularly complicated to measure are the unintended and indirect effects on actors or values that were not the prime focus of the law. Despite the literature on these matters in other fields of research, among planners the theory of law implementation receives relatively little attention. This attitude may stem from the means-ends rationality that has been common to planning for so many years. This paper makes a plea for focusing on the interaction between people and laws so as to understand the outcomes. We do this by drawing insights from sociological perspectives on laws.     

《深州风土记》中的表

《深州风土记》是晚清名儒吴汝纶纂修的一部地方志。表是此志的一大特色,其数量多、比重大、质量高,兼有再分细目的作用。而这些,都是建立在编纂者对资料的博采旁搜和考证精到的基础之上。     

社会价值评价论析

社会是个人及群体之间以一定的协作方式耦合而成的关系系统,社会评价质言之是它的代表者的评价。社会评价不等于对社会的评价。社会的需要和利益是社会评价标准的真实基础,社会进步和人的自由全面发展最充分地反映了社会的需要和闪闪,是一切社会评价标准的最高前提和最终依据。社会评价的科学性与合理性有赖于对评价主体、评价对象和评价标准的正确把握。     

1850-1880年越南社会整合情况之分析

近代越南社会的政治制度日趋僵化和阮氏王朝统治者的因循守旧 ,历史上固有的家族和村社制导致了狭隘的价值利益观的形成 ,基督教在越南的传播和发展而滋生出的新的矛盾和冲突 ,这些因素交相并织 ,妨碍了近代越南社会的整合 ,加剧了封建制度的危机 ,引起社会的急速衰退并最终沦为法国的殖民地     

Sexuality And The Social Body Between The Wars

Books reviewed in this article:
Carolyn J. Dean, The Frail Social Body: Pornography, Homosexuality, And Other Fantasies In Interwar France     

可持续发展与社会稳定

可持续发展作为一种全新的发展模式,它与社会稳定息息相关。社会稳定是可持续发展的前提和保障,也是可持续发展过程的理想状态。而可持续发展则是维护社会稳定的基础,只有实现经济、社会的可持续发展,才能为高层次的社会稳定提供物质和文化条件。     

On the Problem of Laws in Nature and History: A Comparison

In the philosophy of science there has traditionally been a tendency to regard physics as the incarnation of science per se . Consequently, the status of other disciplines has been evaluated according to their ability to produce laws resembling those of physics. This view has yielded a considerable bias in the discussion of historical laws. Philosophers as well as historians have tended to discuss such laws mostly with reference to the situation in physics; this often led to either one of two conclusions, namely that (1) history is epistemologically completely separated from natural science because it does not have universal laws, or that (2) the ultimate goal of the study of history must be the formulation of such universal laws. I maintain that neither conclusion is necessary. To substantiate this position, I discuss several aspects of natural laws. One aspect that is often neglected is that there are many kinds of statistical laws in nature; there is no close link between laws and determinism. Moreover, natural systems exist that have a history, that is, systems that are, like human history, shaped by irreversible, singular events. One important case is biological evolution; accordingly I discuss the relation between evolutionary theory and historiography. However, since we are part of the living world, and in addition to considering the methodological similarities between the two fields, one could also ask whether the laws of evolution are of direct relevance for understanding our history. This issue of history as evolution is investigated in detail in the final section of the paper.     

历史学与民俗学关系析论

就历史学与民俗学的关系问题,本从两个学科的内在联系与区别及其相互作用三方面进行论述,且侧重于理论上的思考与说明。     

关于社会团体的设置问题及其处理办法

第二轮志书中,社会团体的设置存在称谓不准确,立题随意和项目设置混乱的问题。这一现象反映出修志人员对社会团体这一事物认识的不足。修志者应从有关法律法规、团体章程和文件来理解和认识社会团体、人民团体、群众团体三个不同概念。中国大大小小团体众多,志书不可能把这些社会团体都记述下来。要根据志书政治部类反映的内容,确定哪些社会团体可以入政治部类。一般来说,参与了国家政治活动的团体可以放入政治部类记述。其他的社会团体,在行政上与哪个机构联系紧密,就放到哪个机构中去记述。     

Positive Returns and Equilibrium: Simultaneous Feedback Between Public Opinion and Social Policy

This paper pushes forward political research from across disciplines seeking to understand the linkages between public opinion and social policy in democracies. It considers the thermostatic and the increasing returns perspectives as pointing toward a potentially stable set of effects running between opinion and policy. Both theoretical perspectives argue that opinion and policy are reciprocally causal, feeding back on one another. This is a general argument found in opinion‐policy literatures. However, much empirical research claims to model “feedback” effects when actually using separate unidirectional models of opinion and policy. Only a small body of research addresses opinion‐policy endogeneity directly. In this paper I consider an opinion‐policy system with simultaneous feedback and without lags. I argue that there is a theoretical equilibrium in the relationship of opinion and policy underlying the otherwise cyclical processes that link them. Given that available cross‐national data are cross‐sectional and provide limited degrees of freedom, an ideal theoretical model must be somewhat constrained in order to arrive at empirically meaningful results. In this challenging and exploratory undertaking I hope to open up the possibility of a general system of effects between public opinion and social policy and how to model them in future research. I focus on social welfare policy as it is highly salient to public interests and a costly area of government budgets, making it an area of contentious policymaking. Social policy is also a major part of the thermostatic model of opinion and policy, which was recently extended to the cross‐national comparative context (Wlezien & Soroka, 2012) providing a critical predecessor to this paper because identification of equilibrium between public opinion and social policy in any given society is greatly enhanced through comparison with other societies. This counterfactual approach helps to identify opinion‐policy patterns that may not change much within societies, but can be seen as taking on discrete trajectories between societies.     

试析北辛文化与马家浜文化的关系

北辛文化和马家浜文化是两个分布地域接近并且大致同时的考古学文化。本文根据现有发掘资料,通过比较二者在陶器石器等遗物、墓葬等遗迹以及主要经济产业等文化内涵方面的异同点,证明南北这两种考古学文化间确实存在着比较密切的关系。二者之间在发展过程中曾经发生过一定的交流活动,对彼此文化因素均产生了不同程度的影响。相比较而言,位于南方地区的马家浜文化对北方北辛文化的影响更为明显。