On Physical-Geographic Regionalization and the Regionalization of Natural Resources

The author finds conventional physical-geographic regionalization inadequate for economic-geographic purposes, and proposes instead a “natural regionalization” or regionalization of natural resources. Such a regionalization would reflect the economic assessment of the natural environment of a given area and would be more appropriate in economic-geographic research. The principles underlying natural-resource regionalization are illustrated with a regional scheme for the Sudan, an area to which the author has devoted special study.     

Physical-Geographic Processes Unfavorable for Agriculture and Control Measures Against Them

The authors describe the distribution of drought, sukhovey winds, dust storms, and waterlogging in the Ukraine, and the measures taken to combat these phenomena. They urge deeper research into physical-geographic processes that are harmful to agriculture and the devising of a scientifically grounded system of control measures. A previous paper on physical-geographic regionalization of the Ukraine [see Soviet Geography, December 1960] represented an earlier stage of their research project.     

A Physical-Geographic Regionalization of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

The author served as a consultant in 1963–64 with a geography group of the State Committee of Sciences of North Vietnam that compiled a physical regionalization of the country. The regionalization, at 1:1,000,000 to 1:2,000,000, was based mainly on geologic-geomorphic and climatic criteria as well as other, more variable components of the physical environment. Six natural oblasts were distinguished: (1) the Northeast hills and low mountains, with a relatively cool climate, (2) the Northwest, distinguished by linear mountain ranges trending NW—SE, (3) the Truong Son, or Annamese Cordillera, (4) the Bac Bo [Tonkin] plain, the population center and economic core of North Vietnam, (5) the Thanh-Nghe coastal plains, and (6) the Binh-Tri-Thien coastal plains, in the extreme south. The oblasts were further partitioned into suboblasts, 51 rayons and 50 subrayons.     

An Approach to Integrated Physical-Geographic Description of an Area

The author proposes an outline for the physical-geographic treatment of an area, emphasizing the integrative aspect of geography instead of the widespread systematic approach. He considers integration a distinctive characteristic of geography and seeks to eliminate the usual enumeration of systematic factual data.     

The Physical-Geographic Regionalization of the Ukrainian SSR for Agricultural Purposes

A program of research is proposed to determine the optimal regionalization of production and consumption of industrial output. The author proposes a regionalization of the most common industries by major zones (covering two or three regions), and a basic division of the USSR into two major economic zones (West and East) designed to reduce irrational long hauls between them.     

Man-Induced Differentiation of Natural Conditions as a Factor in Physical-Geographic Regionalization

The author analyzes the significance of man-induced changes in the natural environment at various levels of the hierarchy of physical-geographic regionalization, and proposes a classification of man-altered landscapes that can be applied to existing systems of physical-geographic regions.     

Principles of Organization of a College Course in the use of Mathematical Methods in Physical-Geographic Research

The fundamentals underlying a proposed course on the use of mathematical techniques in physical geography are discussed. Four basic sections are: (1) a grouping of geographical problems from the point of view of systems theory, the various forms of cause-and-effect relationships in complex geographical systems, and the choice of appropriate mathematical apparatus for solving related problems; (2) the theory of models and the modeling of geographical research; (3) methods of mathematical formulation of geographical problems, and the potentialities and limitations of particular mathematical techniques; (4) problems relating to the data base required for the use of mathematical methods. Illustrative examples should be taken both from mathematics, to familiarize students with the applicability of particular techniques to geographical problems, and from geography, to analyze the prospects of solving a particular problem with different methods.     

The Selection of Elements of the Physical-Geographic Environment and of Aspects of Human Occupance for an Evaluation of Physical Living Conditions

A review of research undertaken by the author, together with Ye. B. Lopatina, on the evaluation of the effect of various components of the natural environment on particular aspects of human occupance of a specific territory. The present paper attempts to select, group, and systematize the environmental elements to be evaluated in the form of a matrix, in which the character and the degree of the effect of each environmental factor are indicated. The matrix shows, for example, how a relief element, such as absolute elevation, affects public health or the esthetic-psychological perception of the environment, over how large an area, during what period of time, and what particular population groups. It also indicates whether the particular environmental effect is amenable to transformation.     

山水轮回

长久以来,我们一直相信,山水是无言的,是静默的。然不知,在自然的轮回之中,在四季的更替、日夜的交换之中,山水从未停止过它行走的步伐。正如我们文中的泰山,谁又能否认     

Evolutionary process and Polynesian prehistory

Kirch, Patrick Vinton. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xii + 314 pp. including glossary, bibliography, and index. $44.50 cloth.     

论汉墓画像中的灾异现象

以汉墓画像中灾异图像资料为研究对像,结合汉代社会流行的阴阳五行说、天人感应论等,阐述汉代社会人们的思想观念和对人生信仰的追求。     

Evolutionary Theory of History

Several attempts have been made recently to apply Darwinian evolutionary theory to the study of culture change and social history. The essential elements in such a theory are that variations occur in a population, and that a process of selective retention operates during their replication and transmission. Location of such variable "units" in the semantic structure of cognition provides the individual psychological basis for an evolutionary theory of history. Selection operates on both the level of cognition and on its "phenotypic" expression in action in relation to individual preferred sources of psychological satisfaction. Social power comprises the principal selective forces within the sociocultural environment. Sociocultural evolution takes place both as a result of the unintended consequences of action and through the struggle of individuals and groups in pursuit of opposing interests. The implications for historiography are methodological in that evolutionary theory of history sharpens the focus of explanatory situational analysis, and interpretive in that it provides a paradigmatic metanarrative for the understanding of historical change.     

Dynamical Behavior of Cellular Automata under the Constraint of Neighborhood Coherence

The emergence of spatial discrete patterns has attracted little research interest among geographers, especially as far as the phenotypical aspects of the pattern are concerned. How can we understand the development of such patterns? What role is played by generative rules underlying this process? Using the cellular automata theory, a model (SISPAQ) was built to probe into the role of the neighborhood coherence principle (NCP) as a generative rule. Several remarkable properties of NCP are unveiled. A self-organizing behavior is shown, which allows the system to counteract the maximum entropy law and build a pattern with a relatively high level of organization. Not only does NCP provide sufficient conditions for the building up of an organized pattern, but it also provides a self-maintaining capacity. This is evidenced by the fact that under a critical value (the emancipation probability), any cell or group of cells displaying an aberrant state will be eradicated by a locally dominant state.     

魏晋南北朝男性美容现象窥探——“魏晋风度”下的男性美容现象

魏晋南北朝是继战国“百家争鸣”之后的又一个思想文化异常活跃的时期。士大夫们追仙逐道、炼丹服药、扮演出世风范,并以风流自赏;一方面穿宽袍大袖之衣经久不洗,视“扪虱而谈”为高雅,另一方面又赶时髦,追求行止姿容的漂亮俊逸。实际上,他们是在以自己独具的行为方式表达内心世界,以对“异美”的追求来凸显人本的价值,而男性化妆美容正是其特有的表现之一。     

论早期满族社会中的低龄早熟现象

满族自古生息繁衍在白山黑水之间,他们以渔猎为生。由于满族人受社会环境、生存条件、政治、军事、民俗等多方面的影响,低龄早熟现象比较普遍,满族的孩子很早就结束了童年和少年时代进入了成年人的先烈,承担起家庭、部落和社会的责任。     

安徽尉迟寺大汶口文化土坑墓随葬品所反映的社会现象

本文对尉迟寺大汶口文化土坑墓的分期进行了探讨,并从性别、年龄、种类等角度对分期后墓葬的随葬品情况进行了统计分析,并探讨其反映的社会现象.     

Evolutionary and Neurohermeneutic Approaches to Culture and the Brain

Golomb, Louis. An Anthropology of Curing in Multiethnic Thailand. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985. xiv) 314 pp. including chapter references, photographs, bibliography, and index. $23.95 paper.     

Evolutionary implications of design and performance characteristics of prehistoric pottery

A Darwinian evolutionary approach offers a powerful means of examining change archaeologically. The approach is based on the tenet that materials contained in the archaeological record were parts of human phenotypes, as were behaviors behind the manufacture, use, and discard of the materials. Engineering-design analysis and performance analysis of material remains — here variously tempered ceramic cooking vessels from the midwestern United States — extend the archaeologist's ability to see and map variation beyond that which is readily apparent and thus are logical points from which to begin examination of human adaptation. The approach is essentially indistinguishable from that used by biologists to study design and function of biologically based features as well as phylogenetic histories of such features.