Geographical Differentiation and its Measures in a Discrete System

The preceding preliminary paper is expanded into a full-fledged theory of differentiation. Two types are considered: feature-based differentiation and areal differentiation, both in their geographical and nongeographical contexts. Each type is examined both in a broad sense, without weighting, and in a narrow sense, with the values of a selected feature or other weights attached to the parts of a whole. Measures of differentiation are then borrowed from information theory. Differentiation in the broad sense (without weights) can be measured by the simpler Hartley measure of information transmission, which applies when any one of distinct possible outcomes of an event is equally likely to occur. Differentiation in the narrow sense (weighted) can be measured by the more complicated Shannon measure of entropy, which takes into consideration the probability that a given event will have a particular outcome.     

Structures of Geographical and Social Space and Their Consequences for Human Health

There is a growing body of evidence, involving both international comparisons and national studies, which suggests that inequality is bad for human health, even when absolute levels of income, or material deprivation, are controlled for. Yet much of the literature exploring links between health outcomes and either absolute or relative deprivation has failed to consider sufficiently fully a spatial perspective. This paper attempts to redress this balance, drawing upon empirical work first for England and Wales as a whole and, in more detail, for a health authority in north-west England. Evidence is presented that a measure of relative deprivation that takes account of the locations of small areas in relation to each other performs well as a correlate of morbidity and mortality. Some theoretical arguments are advanced to support the relationships between health outcome and relative deprivation, and especially the role of location in geographical and social space in mediating this relationship.     

Persistence of Crime Hot Spots: An Ordered Probit Analysis

The temporal persistence of crime hot spots is recognized as a valuable indicator of consistent problem areas. The current literature has not adequately addressed the mechanisms that perpetuate or interrupt persistent crime hot spots. Investigating the persistence of violent crime hot spots in Columbus, Ohio, from 1994 to 2002, this study fills a gap in the literature by identifying neighborhood structural correlates that drive the persistence of hot spots. Specifically, this study identifies yearly crime hot spots, and estimates an ordered probit model to explore the neighborhood structural determinants. The results indicate that socio‐economic factors, identified from a synthesis of social disorganization theory and routine activity theory, significantly correlate with persistent patterns of violent crime hot spots. This gives evidence that a combination of the two ruling spatial theories of crime provides an applicable framework for understanding the temporal dimension of violent crime hot spots. By identifying the factors that contribute to the persistence of hot spots of crime, insights gained from the results can help to inform focused crime prevention efforts.     

真实与虚构:《福尔摩沙的历史与地理》中的知识来源

荷兰在台湾殖民统治结束后,西方对台湾的关注并未因此中断,相反始终存在一种“福尔摩沙情结”。1704年萨玛纳札所著《福尔摩沙的历史与地理》出版,在满足读者猎奇心理的同时,亦与严肃的宗教、政治议题连结,引发了持续的争论,作者真假参半的台湾人身份始终扑朔迷离。厘析各方分歧,不仅可察知18世纪初期欧洲的台湾知识流布概貌与渠道,也能管窥不同国家在相异宗教信仰下对知识采取的迥异态度。     

Composition,Similarity, and the Measurement of Economic Homogeneity*

Abstract. The concept of economic homogeneity in regional science is based on two very different notions: composition and similarity. In the case of the states of the US, measures of homogeneity based on these different notions are negatively correlated with each other, suggesting that the results of studies that use measures of economic homogeneity are likely to be sensitive to the conceptual basis of the specific measure. In order to overcome this problem, a portfolio‐theoretic measure of economic homogeneity with some attractive properties is presented. It is naturally decomposable into two components reflecting each of these notions and easy to construct using widely available data. Using this measure, patterns of homogeneity for the states of the US are illustrated and discussed, and hypotheses about the relationship between homogeneity and economic instability are tested.     

Scalar Structure-Specific Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Assessing the Seismic Performance of Structures: A Review

The assessment of the seismic performance depends on the choice of the earthquake Intensity Measure (IM). During the past years many IMs, which take into account not only earthquake characteristics but also structural information, have been proposed. However, no consensus on which IM is the best predictor of the seismic response exists. Along these lines, the objective of this paper is to present the various developed scalar structure-specific seismic IMs and the problems associated with their use in practice, so that the engineer may become familiar with them and their implications in the context of Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering.     

Principles and Methods of Regional Geographical Prediction

A research methodology for purposes of geographical prediction is proposed. A region is considered the most likely object of geographical prediction, which is designed to forecast the most likely modifications of the natural environment under the impact of human activity, and the expected working and living conditions for man in the altered environment. The predictive process should focus on phenomena and processes that change through time and can be tested on the basis of known regularities and relationships. Predictive techniques may include both general scientific methods used for prediction and cause-and-effect relationships peculiar to geography. Among the most useful general techniques are extrapolation, expert evaluations, model building and comparative methods.     

地理环境与西夏历史

西夏时期 ,气候寒冷干燥 ,地表多荒漠。人们砍伐森林、开垦土地 ,境内植被有所破坏。在干冷气候与人为活动的双重作用下 ,土地沙化现象较为明显。自然条件决定西夏经济以畜牧业为主 ,农业比重不大 ,基础较为薄弱 ,与中原地区互通有无 ,发展周边贸易成了西夏生存的必由之路 ,因而西夏对中原王朝有着很强的依附性。严酷的生存环境 ,频繁出现的饥荒 ,使得能骑善射的西夏军队极富掠夺性。对外征战不止 ,大肆劫掠财富、抢夺人口、侵占土地 ,成为西夏历史的一大特点。地理环境制约着西夏经济发展水平 ,但是特有的地形地貌却延缓了国家的灭亡。境内四周环绕的山脉、荒漠 ,宛如天然屏障 ,外敌难以深入 ,西夏因此得以长期立国。西夏后期 ,环境恶化 ,频繁出现的干旱和强烈地震加速了西夏的灭亡     

地理空间的闭合与区域社会的统合——以环太湖地区史前社会演进过程中的地理要因分析为中心

就环太湖地区史前社会演进过程与该地区史前地理环境之间的关系这一课题而言,长期以来学界始终将探索与讨论的时代焦点置于新石器时代晚期,因为,这一时期(即崧泽文化晚期-良渚文化时期)环太湖地区史前社会经历了革命性的变化,而且在文化繁荣程度、社会复杂化水平等方面均达到了中国大陆史前文化的巅峰.从研究内容上来看,多数研究者关注的重点是自然环境变迁在环太湖地区社会变迁过程中的作用机制与影响方式.     

The Landscape Levels of Continents and Geographical Zonality

The traditional two-dimensional concept of latitudinal natural geographical zones is challenged on the ground that it ignores the altitude factor and differences in the character of the surface environment. An alternative three-dimensional model of zonal systems is proposed, in which so-called landscape levels corresponding to particular geomorphic levels are distinguished in terms of radiation balance and elevation. The zonal systems are combined into four worldwide groupings: (1) an inner terrestrial group corresponding to a rocky surface environment; (2) an outer terrestrial group corresponding to a cryogenic rocky environment; (3) an outer ice group, corresponding to ice-covered segments of the earth's surface, and (4) an oceanic group. The paper is devoted to the first three continental groups of zonal systems. The traditional zonality is found to be well expressed in the inner terrestrial group, but the outer groups reflect mainly Markov's law of polar asymmetry (see Soviet Geography, February 1964).     

Geographical Aspects and Problems of the Industrialization of Siberia

A review of past industrialization of Siberia and future plans, discussed in terms of three basic zones: (1) the developed belt along the Trans-Siberian Railroad; (2) the southern margins of the tayga immediately to the north of the railroad, and (3) valuable mineral sites selectively developed in the rest of Siberia. Individual industrial nodes are listed and developmental problems outlined.     

图们江三角国际合作开发中各国战略对策分析

本文从分析目前图们江下游三角地区多国合作开发规划的意义和特点入手。着重以世界格局与地缘经济角度剖析有关国家的战略对策及其演变过程,同时指出我国应采取的一些重要措施以推进该规划的实现,并取得于我有利的结果。     

汉语方言的地理分布及其研究意义

方言是一种语言的地方变体,方言地理学是研究方言地域分布的学科。通过"方言分布图"的分析,探讨方言的形成与发展,分析方言与自然环境、人文环境的相互关系,从而对人文地理各分支学科的研究起到促进作用。     

嵎夷、旸谷地望考

《尚书》问世后,学者多认为其中所记嵎夷和旸谷在辽东半岛和朝鲜半岛。本文通过对《史记》等史料的分析,判断《尚书》记载的嵎夷活跃在山东半岛,旸谷就是春秋时期齐国祭祀的日主之地,在今山东半岛东端的成山头。嵎夷是后来因战乱越海迁居到了朝鲜半岛,才变成了海外之族。     

Recontextualising Positionality: Geographical Research and Academic Fields of Power

The first article of the first issue of Antipode began with a declaration concerning the values ascribed to publication and the nature of academic work in geography. With that thirty-year-old declaration in mind, this essay reflects on aspects of these values as registered in British academic geography. It does so with particular reference to themes that have been raised in a number of recent debates, namely the questions of commodification/marketisation of and reflexivity in geographical research and scholarship.