Geographical Differentiation and its Measures in a Discrete System

The preceding preliminary paper is expanded into a full-fledged theory of differentiation. Two types are considered: feature-based differentiation and areal differentiation, both in their geographical and nongeographical contexts. Each type is examined both in a broad sense, without weighting, and in a narrow sense, with the values of a selected feature or other weights attached to the parts of a whole. Measures of differentiation are then borrowed from information theory. Differentiation in the broad sense (without weights) can be measured by the simpler Hartley measure of information transmission, which applies when any one of distinct possible outcomes of an event is equally likely to occur. Differentiation in the narrow sense (weighted) can be measured by the more complicated Shannon measure of entropy, which takes into consideration the probability that a given event will have a particular outcome.     

Structures of Geographical and Social Space and Their Consequences for Human Health

There is a growing body of evidence, involving both international comparisons and national studies, which suggests that inequality is bad for human health, even when absolute levels of income, or material deprivation, are controlled for. Yet much of the literature exploring links between health outcomes and either absolute or relative deprivation has failed to consider sufficiently fully a spatial perspective. This paper attempts to redress this balance, drawing upon empirical work first for England and Wales as a whole and, in more detail, for a health authority in north-west England. Evidence is presented that a measure of relative deprivation that takes account of the locations of small areas in relation to each other performs well as a correlate of morbidity and mortality. Some theoretical arguments are advanced to support the relationships between health outcome and relative deprivation, and especially the role of location in geographical and social space in mediating this relationship.     

Principles and Methods of Regional Geographical Prediction

A research methodology for purposes of geographical prediction is proposed. A region is considered the most likely object of geographical prediction, which is designed to forecast the most likely modifications of the natural environment under the impact of human activity, and the expected working and living conditions for man in the altered environment. The predictive process should focus on phenomena and processes that change through time and can be tested on the basis of known regularities and relationships. Predictive techniques may include both general scientific methods used for prediction and cause-and-effect relationships peculiar to geography. Among the most useful general techniques are extrapolation, expert evaluations, model building and comparative methods.     

地理空间的闭合与区域社会的统合——以环太湖地区史前社会演进过程中的地理要因分析为中心

就环太湖地区史前社会演进过程与该地区史前地理环境之间的关系这一课题而言,长期以来学界始终将探索与讨论的时代焦点置于新石器时代晚期,因为,这一时期(即崧泽文化晚期-良渚文化时期)环太湖地区史前社会经历了革命性的变化,而且在文化繁荣程度、社会复杂化水平等方面均达到了中国大陆史前文化的巅峰.从研究内容上来看,多数研究者关注的重点是自然环境变迁在环太湖地区社会变迁过程中的作用机制与影响方式.     

The Landscape Levels of Continents and Geographical Zonality

The traditional two-dimensional concept of latitudinal natural geographical zones is challenged on the ground that it ignores the altitude factor and differences in the character of the surface environment. An alternative three-dimensional model of zonal systems is proposed, in which so-called landscape levels corresponding to particular geomorphic levels are distinguished in terms of radiation balance and elevation. The zonal systems are combined into four worldwide groupings: (1) an inner terrestrial group corresponding to a rocky surface environment; (2) an outer terrestrial group corresponding to a cryogenic rocky environment; (3) an outer ice group, corresponding to ice-covered segments of the earth's surface, and (4) an oceanic group. The paper is devoted to the first three continental groups of zonal systems. The traditional zonality is found to be well expressed in the inner terrestrial group, but the outer groups reflect mainly Markov's law of polar asymmetry (see Soviet Geography, February 1964).     

地理环境与西夏历史

西夏时期 ,气候寒冷干燥 ,地表多荒漠。人们砍伐森林、开垦土地 ,境内植被有所破坏。在干冷气候与人为活动的双重作用下 ,土地沙化现象较为明显。自然条件决定西夏经济以畜牧业为主 ,农业比重不大 ,基础较为薄弱 ,与中原地区互通有无 ,发展周边贸易成了西夏生存的必由之路 ,因而西夏对中原王朝有着很强的依附性。严酷的生存环境 ,频繁出现的饥荒 ,使得能骑善射的西夏军队极富掠夺性。对外征战不止 ,大肆劫掠财富、抢夺人口、侵占土地 ,成为西夏历史的一大特点。地理环境制约着西夏经济发展水平 ,但是特有的地形地貌却延缓了国家的灭亡。境内四周环绕的山脉、荒漠 ,宛如天然屏障 ,外敌难以深入 ,西夏因此得以长期立国。西夏后期 ,环境恶化 ,频繁出现的干旱和强烈地震加速了西夏的灭亡     

Geographical Aspects and Problems of the Industrialization of Siberia

A review of past industrialization of Siberia and future plans, discussed in terms of three basic zones: (1) the developed belt along the Trans-Siberian Railroad; (2) the southern margins of the tayga immediately to the north of the railroad, and (3) valuable mineral sites selectively developed in the rest of Siberia. Individual industrial nodes are listed and developmental problems outlined.     

嵎夷、旸谷地望考

《尚书》问世后,学者多认为其中所记嵎夷和旸谷在辽东半岛和朝鲜半岛。本文通过对《史记》等史料的分析,判断《尚书》记载的嵎夷活跃在山东半岛,旸谷就是春秋时期齐国祭祀的日主之地,在今山东半岛东端的成山头。嵎夷是后来因战乱越海迁居到了朝鲜半岛,才变成了海外之族。     

图们江三角国际合作开发中各国战略对策分析

本文从分析目前图们江下游三角地区多国合作开发规划的意义和特点入手。着重以世界格局与地缘经济角度剖析有关国家的战略对策及其演变过程,同时指出我国应采取的一些重要措施以推进该规划的实现,并取得于我有利的结果。     

Recontextualising Positionality: Geographical Research and Academic Fields of Power

The first article of the first issue of Antipode began with a declaration concerning the values ascribed to publication and the nature of academic work in geography. With that thirty-year-old declaration in mind, this essay reflects on aspects of these values as registered in British academic geography. It does so with particular reference to themes that have been raised in a number of recent debates, namely the questions of commodification/marketisation of and reflexivity in geographical research and scholarship.     

An Analysis of Actual and Potential Clustering Structures,Stakeholder Governance Activities and Cross-locality Linkages in the Welsh Aerospace Industry

Commercial aerospace is a key sector in the Welsh economy, engaged in complex overlapping activities from aircraft manufacture (AM), through maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO), to research, development and training (RDT). Defining and operationalizing a framework for analysis using both qualitative and quantitative data, this paper examines the actual and potential roles of the relationships in Wales between commercial aerospace firms, industry, government and institutional stakeholders, at both local and non-local levels. Concentrations of manufacturing in North Wales, and MRO in South Wales along with RDT operate as distinct constituent parts of aerospace clusters in neighbouring regions of England and beyond. The results, however, highlight links between the location of AM, MRO and RDT in Wales, emphasizing their (partially) geographically symbiotic relationships. Moreover, there are key inter-linkages that need consideration if the long-term health of Welsh aerospace is to be secured. Simultaneously, all three sub-sectors in Wales exhibit weaknesses which could render them vulnerable to greater external competition, particularly from developing countries. This emphasizes a need to alter the current governance arrangements and utilize different clustering characteristics that currently exist, with government, as a major sponsor of the industry, having a strong (but changing) role to play in encouraging these more balanced industry structures and decision-making processes.     

地理环境变迁与文学思潮更迭——西周至魏晋南北朝文风演变与地理环境关系

地理环境是不断变化的,文艺思潮也有更迭发展,两者之间更有关系可寻。本文通过西周至魏晋南北朝时期文风演变与地理环境关系的研究,揭示无论是风调雨顺的地理环境,抑或是灾异多发的地理环境,都将对当时的文学思潮产生巨大的影响。     

Structures and Members: An Overview of The Cumann na nGaedheal Party Organisation, 1923–33

This article re‐examines Cumann na nGaedheal's approach to party organisation. Cumann na nGaedheal has been portrayed as a badly organised, ‘top‐down’ party that suffered electorally for its reluctance to match the structure and organisation of its main anti‐Treaty rival, Fianna Fáil. Moreover, the party has been caricatured as a conservative organisation with little affinity for the ideology of the Irish revolution. While recent studies have reappraised Cumann na nGaedheal's engagement with the revolutionary inheritance, while highlighting underappreciated aspects of the party's electoral innovations, its organisational structures require further scholarly attention. Closer scrutiny of Cumann na nGaedheal's organisational structures sheds further light on its fate as nationalist Ireland's first party of government and ultimately its demise as a distinct party in 1933.     

Geographical knowledge and scientific survey in the construction of Italian Libya

Studies of colonialism and imperial cultures have increasingly recognized the roles of geographical knowledges in European efforts to construct the colonial world materially and imaginatively. Simultaneously, the discipline of geography has undergone a thorough self-critique of its part in the constitution of colonial space. This article discusses the imbrication of geographical knowledges and colonialism in Italy, and especially how the production and circulation of geographical knowledges about Libya worked hand in hand with its territorial occupation and control. In particular, the article discusses the expeditions directed and co-ordinated by the Italian Geographical Society that were despatched into the Saharan interior in the early 1930s to produce 'scientific' representations of the region. The article examines the roles of geographical sciences in the construction of Italian Libya, but particularly how this performance of 'colonial science' surveyed Libya's populations and contributed to their classification as 'primitive' and 'Other'. These conclusions supported Italian authority in the region, but also reinforced the development of a 'colonial consciousness' among Italians as African space and peoples were rendered legible by European epistemologies.     

航线与里程：文昌七洲洋与西沙七洲洋的地理位置

自宋元至明清,中国古籍中七洲洋的含义不同,所指范围亦有所变化。本文通过方向、地名、航线与里程的综合分析,特别是将不同古籍对于同一航线各个航段的里程“更”的考证与计算,发现每更平均为21.3公里,这一结果在数字地图长距离航线的测量中通过检验。据此本文对中国古籍中七洲洋的含义及范围进行考证,结果发现七洲洋的地理范围随时代变化而扩大。明中期以前,中国古籍中的七洲洋大多指“文昌七洲洋”;明后期的中国古籍中也指“西沙七洲洋”,且“文昌七洲洋”与“西沙七洲洋”是两个不同的地理实体。与此同时,包括西沙群岛、中沙群岛和东沙群岛海域在内的“广义七洲洋”已经形成。七洲洋范围的演变经历了从明中期以前的相对稳定到明后期复杂多变的过程。     

遥感与地理信息系统在城市考古中的实践

遥感与地理信息系统是城市考古研究中重要的技术手段。借助遥感技术,在识别遗迹的基础上,首先可以对城址开展地图测量,确保研究数据的准确性,其次可以获取不同精度的地形地貌数据,从宏观和微观层面分析城址的空间环境和布局结构,最终可以为城市复原研究提供线索,提高田野考古工作的效率和精度。在地理信息系统应用方面,本文提出了"城市圈"的概念,将城址与周边遗址和自然环境纳入同一个空间集合进行考察,可以充分发挥地理信息系统的空间分析功能,行之有效的剖析城市空间属性所反映出的人地关系和社会关系。