AGGLOMERATION AND REGIONAL COSTS OF LIVING*

ABSTRACT Standard models of the new economic geography predict that costs of living are lower in the core than in the periphery. But in reality they tend to be higher in agglomeration areas, mainly because of regional differences in housing costs. In this paper, we add a home goods sector to the seminal NEG model of Krugman (1991) . We show that a core–periphery structure can endogenously emerge in which the core is the more expensive area. This result has an important normative implication. Since higher costs of living imply falling real wages if there is no nominal wage premium, it is not desirable for everybody to live in the core region.     

GLACIATION OF BONAVISTA PENINSULA, NORTHEAST NEWFOUNDLAND

Over Bonavista Peninsula, in northeast Newfoundland, ice-flow directional indicators reveal two styles of glaciation. The inner part was glaciated by ice of the Newfoundland Ice Cap, flowing northeast but drawn down strongly into deep channels in Bonavista and Trinity bays and basally deflected northward by a line of hills bisecting the peninsula. The outer peninsula was almost completely glaciated by the contiguous, dynamically independent Bonavista Ice Divide, with coastward flow. Near the northeast extremity a low plateau, mantled with blockfield and bearing no obvious traces of glaciation, is flanked by a subdued end moraine. The moraine is argued to represent the local entire Wisconsinan glaciation limit. Evidence from soil development on the moraine and elevations of emerged post-glacial shore features, as well as from comparison with glacial history in nearby areas, is used to argue a late Wisconsinan (pre-12,000–13,000 BP) age for the later part of glaciation. Evidence of widespread till deposition far offshore can be harmonized with evidence of incomplete Wisconsinan glaciation onshore by postulating persistent discharge of inland ice through the deep, compound fiord basins that flank Bonavista and other east Newfoundland peninsulas Les indicateurs du passage des glaciers dans la péninsule de Bonavista située au nord-est de Terre-Neuve signalent l'oeuvre de deux styles de glaciation. La Calotte Glaciaire de Terre-Neuve recouvrait tout I'intérieur de la Péninsule; se déplaçantvers le nord-est, elle était forcee de suivre par les baies profondes de Bonavista et de Trinité, et détournée à sa base en direction du nord par les collines qui franchissent la péninsule du nordau sud. Pour sa part, I'extérieur de la péninsule gisait entièrement sous le Diviseur Glaciaire Bonavista, qui tout en étant contigu obéissait à une dynamique indépendante et s'écoulait en direction des côtes. A I'extrémité nord-est de la pénin sule, sous un manteau de blocs rocheux, se trouve un bas plateau qui ne porte aucune trace de glaciation et qui est bordé d'une fine moraine terminale. Selon l'argument proposé, cette moraine représente en cet endroit la limite extrême des glaciers du Wisconsin. Des indices provenant de la formation des sols sur cette moraine et des hauteurs atteintes par la mer postglaciaire, de même qu'une comparaison avec l'histoire des glaciations dans les zones environnantes, permettent d'avancer que la fin de la dernière glaciation remonte à celle du Wisconsin (avant 12 000 à 13 000 ans AP). Des liens existent entre les dépots très répandus de till, loin au large des côtes, et les indices d'une glaciation incomplète durant le Wisconsin sur ces côtes, dans la mesure où l'on postule qu'il y eut une décharge soutenue de glace en provenance de l'intérieur, le long des fiords profonds et complexes qui bordent la peninsule de Bonavista de même que d'autres péninsules de Terre-Neuve.     

河坡人家

河坡乡地属四川省甘孜藏族自治州白玉县,南距县城约21公里 白玉地处青藏高原向云贵高原的过渡地带,属横断山脉北段,金沙江上游东岸．东与新龙县接壤．南与巴塘．理塘两县毗邻,西与西藏自治区的贡觉江达两县隔金沙江相望。幅员面积10591平方公里,属大陆性季风高原型气候。白玉县城所在的河谷地带海拔2950来．辖1镇16多156村,总人口约四万余人．其中藏旅占人口比例的95％。其麦家在河坡乡河坡村．也就是多政府所在地。从县里越来,进到河坡以后,丁字路口旁边的那户临街的院落就是其麦家……     

LIVING WITH MIGRATION

In the Philippines, large-scale overseas migration has raised concerns about left-behind children, who are perceived to be most affected by the absence of fathers, mothers or both. Without their ‘real’ parents (especially mothers) to rear and guide them, left-behind children are perceived to bear the brunt of the social costs of migration. Based on data collected from a 2003 nationwide study, this article examines how left-behind children (specifically those aged 10–12 years old and adolescents) cope without their migrant parents. Three questions are explored: (1) how children are raised in the absence of one or both migrant parents; (2) how children (re)configure family, family life and family practices; and (3) what roles children have, if any, in how the family unit copes with the migration of one or both parents. Although migration creates emotional displacement for migrants and their children, it also opens up possibilities for children's agency and independence.     

THE LIVING PAST

It is argued that although this book will be of interest to any scholar interested in Croce, Gentile, or de Ruggiero, it will be of particular interest to those interested in R. G. Collingwood, for the ultimate focus of the book is upon Collingwood's philosophy and how it developed in relation to the work of the Italian idealists. This is a subject that has not previously been investigated in any depth. Peters argues that the basic idea that unites all four philosophers is that “the past is not dead, but living”; but what distinguishes Collingwood's philosophy from the Italians' is the idea, and its justification, that “the past can live on even if we are not aware of it.” Collingwood explored and developed this idea in reaction to the “presentism” of the Italians, a position that is most obvious in the philosophy of Gentile but that is also to be found, albeit less obviously, in the philosophies of Croce and de Ruggiero. Without casting doubt upon the influence of the Italian idealists on Collingwood, it is suggested in this review that, as well as explaining that influence, Peters's book also throws Collingwood's similarities with Oakeshott into relief; by contrast with Collingwood, there is no evidence that Oakeshott ever read the Italian idealists.     

LIVING AWAY FROM HOME

This paper explores the premarital sexual behaviour and its covariates of young single women working in the garment manufacturing industry in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Because gender and sexuality norms inhibit women from disclosing proscribed lifestyles, measures to mitigate response biases were an integral part of the research design. The prevalence of premarital sex is higher than was previously known, with being older, having a less well-off family background, absence of guardians, peer sexual influence, and leisure and risk behaviour as risk factors. Dating solo—the most proximate behaviour to premarital sex—is engaged in more by women who live without guardians in Phnom Penh, who come from less well-off backgrounds, and who have been exposed to peer sexual influence. Parental influence upon daughters' premarital chastity and partner selection has long been significant. With rural–urban migration, this has been replaced by economic and peer influences, as evident in the high rates of dating, and other leisure and risk behaviour.     

DEFENDING SPIRIT,SPIRITUALIZING MATTER: NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH ACADEMIC PHILOSOPHY AND THE MEDICAL SCIENCES

This review essay discusses Larry Sommer McGrath's Making Spirit Matter: Neurology, Psychology, and Selfhood in Modern France (2020), a history of the philosophical current known as “spiritualism.” The book covers the long nineteenth century, focusing especially on the first part of the Third Republic (1870–1914), and studies how French academic philosophers confronted the discourses about human cognition and behavior that were produced by physicians—namely, physiologists and pathologists, phrenologists, neurologists, alienists, and psychiatrists. It describes how, while engaged in this confrontation, French philosophy took a peculiar shape, eventually influencing the development of some sciences—namely, psychology, which emerged progressively as a discipline at the crossroads of medicine and philosophy. In the second part of the essay, starting from a terminological analysis of a series of terms dealing with “spirit,” I consider the formation of spiritualism by adopting an approach that diverges slightly from the ones proper to history of philosophy and intellectual history. I inscribe the philosophical discourses in their contexts of emergence, paying particular attention to institutional macrostructures and their inertia. This provides another perspective on “spiritualism,” which may no longer be conceived as a current or a school; rather, it should be conceived as the effect of the conditions of possibility of academic philosophy in France. It seems to me that, starting from the beginning of the nineteenth century, because of the organization of the educational institutions, the French philosophers’ agenda consisted mainly in opposing all forms of materialism, mechanism, and determinism and in defending the legitimacy of their discipline.     

THE LIVING FOSSIL OF TIBETAN OPERA

正Tibetan opera is divided into four different schools:Gyangkhar, Junpa, Shambha and Jomulung.Although Jomulung originated in Lhasa, the other three come from Shigatse. In my view, there had to be something special about these places for something such as Tibetan opera     

LIVING WITH THE LONG CYCLE TODAY

There is a need for a new rationale to guide American security policy, including arms control and disarmament. In light of fundamental changes in the external and internal environment, American security policy would appear to have to rest on the following four assumptions: (1) the multiplication of threats, allies, and adversaries; (2) the disparity between greater absolute military power at the disposal of the United States and greater relative impotence in wielding it to influence events abroad; (3) the globalization yet divisibility of American and international security, economic, and political regime interests; and (4) the persistence of divided domestic consensus as the shaky basis from which to project American military power to shape the international environment in ways congenial to often conflicting American preferences.     

'WHY THEY CAME'; THE COLONIZATION OF THE COAST OF WESTERN SWEDEN AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT AT THE END OF THE LAST GLACIATION

Summary.   In this paper we will bring into view new aspects of Late Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic research on the west coast of Sweden. In doing so, we make use of oceanography and tidal modelling, in conjunction with basic research in the fields of archaeology and palynology. The focus of research concerns the Hensbacka culture group in central Bohuslän, a group of hunter-gatherers which visited the area between c.10,300–9300 bp (10,200/10,000–8500 cal BC). Recent investigations indicate that the frequency of Hensbacka sites in the archipelago of central Bohuslän, which at that time had a total land area of c.500 sq km, might well represent the highest site density area in northern Europe during a c.1000-year period of time at the close of the Late Glacial and beginning of the early Post Glacial. In the pages that follow, we will discuss how, and why, this 'seasonal colonization' was possible.     

GEOGRAPHICAL CYCLES IN THE CIRCULATION OF MATTER

Natural scientists have long studied the circulation of matter within nature, and geographers have long investigated the exchange of matter between nature and man in the process of economic production. The time is now at hand to develop an overall theory of geographic cycles that would encompass the circulation of matter both within the natural environment and in the process of human activities. The author suggests an array of geographic cycles that appear to operate in the man-environment system, and shows how the identification and study of such cycles might provide a new focus for the organization of geography as a science, for geographic research and for its practical application.     

POLARIZATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF URBANIZED AREAS WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING LIVING CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Some general principles for the design of urbanized areas are proposed with a view to satisfying the needs of residents, insuring the normal operation of cities and optimizing interaction with the natural environment. The optimal design takes the general form of a letter Y and seeks to separate industrial and residential zones by a protective greenbelt.     

THE LIVING BUDDHA RAZHENG OF VARIOUS GENERATIONS

InadditiontotheDalaiandPanchenlamas,twodisciplesofZongkapa,thefounderoftheYellowSectofTibetanBuddhism,therearemanyotherLivingBuddhas.Ofthese,thehighestrankingisHutogtu.HutogtuisaMongolianwordmeaning"enjoylongevity,"Hutog"means"longevity"and"tu"means"enjoy."ItisanhonorifictitlegrantedbythegovernmentofChina'sQingDynastytomajorLivingBuddhasoftheTibetanandMongolianethnicgroups.Some100LivingBuddhasreceivedthehonorifictitleduringtheQingDynasty,andtheeightmostinfluentialwereJilung,Chemoi,R…     

MAKING PLACES MATTER IN EARLY NEOLITHIC DORSET

Summary.   By exploring an Early Neolithic site this paper demonstrates how landscapes are constituted from connected places and, in turn, how places are constituted by materials. The paper aims to develop an approach that acknowledges the role of memory and emotion within this, and posits that these factors are crucial to how senses of place and community were formed in this period. By considering memory and emotion the paper demonstrates their centrality to any human experience of landscape.     

自贡,一座活的盐史博物馆

<正>1938年,电影人孙明经拍摄了一组名为《布满井架天车的小城》的作品。就是这些被誉为"20世纪华人摄影经典作品"的黑白组图让世界初识了这个天车林立、笕管密布的小城。自贡——位于四川盆地南部,是四川省最早的省辖市和工业重镇,古时分属巴国和蜀国,北周武帝时初设建制。自贡以井盐深钻汲制技艺闻名遐迩。该项技术发端于东汉,闻名于唐宋,鼎盛于明清。自贡地区在清咸丰、同治年间成为四川井盐业中心,其井盐遍销于川、滇、黔、湘、鄂诸省。1939由于本地川盐济楚的重要性,因盐立自贡市,市名取自自流井和贡井。半城青山半城楼的自贡有"盐之都"恐龙之乡"南国灯城"的美誉。1986年,自贡获准成为国家级历史文化名城。