海峡殖民地政府对华侨秘密会党政策的演变

选择东南亚华侨秘密会党为研究对象,对海峡殖民地政府对华侨秘密会党的政策演变情况进行了分析。第一时期是放纵与利用;第二时期是利用与控制;第三时期是控制与镇压。殖民政府对待华侨秘密会党的政策演变以维护英国的利益为基础。     

明清时期华南地区乡村聚落的宗族化与军事化--以赣南乡村围寨为中心

自明中叶以迄清代,由于险恶的地理生态环境和长期的社会动荡,赣南乡村居民自发地构筑大量用于军事防卫的乡村围寨,于是形成广泛而持续的筑寨建围运动。伴随着乡村围寨的构筑和乡族武装力量的崛起,乡族势力尤其是宗族的力量得到不断的发展,并日益地军事化和割据化,逐渐成为乡村社会中非常成熟的支配力量。乡村宗族构筑围寨,“聚族自保”,直接地导致“聚族而居”聚居聚落的形成,聚居宗族也得以强化,这展示了赣南乃至整个华南地区宗族发达并与村落重叠这一普遍而显著的社会人文现象的历史形成过程。     

Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras

The architectural treatises of medieval India, the vaastu shastras, are based upon a metaphysical design philosophy which underlies the construction of furniture, vehicles, building details, buildings, and settlements. Design geometry is an abstraction of an anthropomorphic form called purusha which is also a symbol of self. The vaastu shastras outline a theory of environmental design based upon person-place identity. Both sacred and secular structures are governed by its design principles. Design of settlements is an elaboration of architectural design at an enhanced scale, using a similar vocabulary of forms, their symbolic meaning, and design expertise.     

Three Deserted Medieval Settlements on Dartmoor

THE INTERPRETATION of the houses, the evidence for dating and the status of the inhabitants at sites excavated on Dartmoor are discussed.     

On the Rank-Size Distribution for Human Settlements

An explanation for the rank-size distribution for human settlements based on simple stochastic models of settlement formation and growth is presented. Not only does the analysis of the model explain the rank-size phenomenon in the upper tail, it also predicts a reverse rank-size phenomenon in the lower tail. Furthermore it yields a parametric form (the double Pareto-lognormal distribution) for the complete distribution of settlement sizes. Settlement-size data for four regions (two in Spain and two in the U.S.) are used as examples. For these regions the lower tail rank-size property is seen to hold and the double Pareto-lognormal distribution shown to provide an excellent fit, lending support to the model and to the explanation for the rank-size law.     

Precolumbian Settlements on Carriacou,West Indies

Abstract

The first systematic archaeological investigation of Precolumbian sites on the island of Carriacou in the West Indies provides a rich source of information regarding Amerindian settlement in the southern Caribbean. Herein, we report results from an island-wide survey and subsequent excavation at two large village sites—Grand Bay and Sabazan—that provide evidence for an intensive late Ceramic Age occupation dating between CAL. A.D. 400–1200. Results from four seasons of excavation at Grand Bay and two at Sabazan indicate that inhabitants colonized the island later than larger nearby islands (although an earlier settlement is possible); were engaged in inter-island and South American interactions as evidenced through analysis of pottery, stylistic artifacts, and faunal remains; exploited a variety of marine and terrestrial foods, including several animals rarely found in the Antilles that were translocated to the island from elsewhere; and buried their dead in and around shell middens and, at least once, under a habitable structure.     

A Dark-Age Settlements at Maxey,Northants

SUMMARY

A dark-age settlement was discovered at Maxey during gravel-quarrying and partly excavated before destruction to reveal at least seven rectangular buildings ranging from 30 ft. to 50 ft. in length and 16 ft. to 20 ft. in width. They were all of post-hole construction but there were instances of post-holes in trenches, post-holes joined by wall-trenches, and, once, a central beam-slot. Near by were smaller ancillary structures including pits surrounded by post-holes, perhaps storage-huts. Open hearths, pits of various types and boundary-ditches were also found. The pottery was of an unusual type, but the small finds suggest that both it and the settlement are of the middle Saxon period.     

略论二里头文化的聚落特征

本文将二里头文化的资料进行了梳理,总结出二里头文化遗址的分布规律,然后归纳二里头文化聚落分布的特征,即小聚落环绕大聚落分布。     

良渚文化的聚落级差及城市萌芽

聚落级差是指聚落之间规模尺度与发展水平的差异。根据目前的考古资料,环太湖地区的聚落级差始自崧泽文化晚期,其扩大化过程在良渚文化中期达到顶点,聚落级差作为一种现象一直持续至良渚文化晚期。良渚遗址群反映出良渚文化中期聚落级差的极端化,已经超越了一般聚落遗存的范畴,是处于萌芽状态的城市。城市萌芽是环太湖地区聚落级差扩大程度的标志性结果,聚落级差扩大化过程本身也蕴含了城市萌芽的催生力量。     

区域对比:环境与聚落的演进

Through the comparative analysis considering environment, archaeological culture sequence, alteration of settlement quantities, relation between the change of environment and the movement of settlements, cultural embedding superposition exponent of ancient sites, ect. among three regions, the author thinks that they respectively represent three different developing patterns of ancient settlements. The middle and lower reaches of Yellow river and the Valley of Xilamulun River respectively represented different development patterns of the two native cultures, namely, the agricultural civilization of Great River and the half-agricultural and half-stockbreeding civilization of northern districts. The Valley of Hulu river, located in the northwest, can be the representation of secondary cultures, which originated from civilizations of great river, but dissimilated during the course of spreading abroad towards west.     

Indian Water Settlements: The Prerequisites of Successful Negotiation

Beginning in the late 1970s, the federal government adopted a policy of negotiating, rather than litigating, conflicts over Indian water claims. In the ensuing years numerous settlements have been authorized by Congress. According to the literature on dispute resolution, successful negotiations are usually characterized by a specific set of conditions. This paper assesses the extent to which Indian water settlements are characterized by these conditions.     

The Magnetic Field Model Applied to Swedish Settlements

To study the reason for changes in the population of urban settlements and sparsely populated districts we need an approach on a regional geographic level that will combine various theoretical elements and which, taken together, will provide an interdisciplinary platform. The identity of a place is created by specific local factors as well as by social and economic processes occurring both in the place itself and in the urban system. We can use indications showing how local and regional urban systems function in order to ascertain why one urban settlement grows while another stagnates, why a sparsely populated district in one region flourishes while other districts languish. Using the decision-making point of view adopted by households and businesses will help us to achieve our aim.
The starting point of the model employed—called the magnetic field model—is the fact that an attraction field of positive factors forms in and around places with a growing population. The aim of this paper is to show that a regional geographic analysis can be made from a number of indicators of significance for the development of populations in urban settlements and sparsely populated districts. Naturally these indicators can—and should—be queried, added to and assessed when other, similar investigations are carried out.     

Geography and Human Settlements in Ancient Southern Arabia

The use of remote sensing in archaeological research leads to a better understanding of the geography of ancient and modern South Arabia. The five main regions are discussed in relation to the conditions for settlement and farming. A case study from the heartland of the Kingdom of Awsān indicates in the lower part of Wādī Marha beginning of irrigation in the second half of the third millenium and an end already in the first half of the first millenium BC. The huge tell of Hǎar Yahirr seems to have been destroyed at the same time, whereas in the upper part of the wadi irrigation and settlements continue till the first centuries AD. On aerial pictures a dozen ancient settlements could be detected and located. Consequently, it may be suggested that Hǎar Yahirr is the site of the capital city of Awsān. The capitals of the ancient South Arabian kingdoms were all located along the most frequented camel route, the incense road. A comparison of the climatic conditions and the irrigation agriculture of Arabia Felix and the Fertile Crescent shows the difficulties of the transfer of know-how between these two fertile and rich regions on the Arabian Peninsula.     

Canadian Northern Settlements: Top-down and Bottom-up Influences

The objective of this paper is to examine the evolution of settlement in northern Canada from the viewpoint of the paradigms of bottom-up or top-down development, the former being community driven and the latter government initiated. Following a review of the stages of settlement evolution and the major influences on them including the airplane and the Second World War, the Scone Report's characterization of settlements as developed or underdeveloped is presented. Much of the initial settlement of the North was top-down involving government or private capital from outside the region because it was a frontier devoid of settlement. Subsequently the building blocks of bottom-up development emerged. The federal government's devolution of power to the NWT Council in Yellowknife and the decentralization of a civil service from Ottawa was an important prerequisite for local government. This process has been strengthened recently by comprehensive settlements with aboriginal groups providing another building block in the form of land, hunting and mineral rights, and cash compensation for the extinguishment of aboriginal rights. A third building block for bottom-up development lies in the mixed economy which has emerged encompassing employment and business income from, for example, regional development corporations and co-operatives, transfers from Ottawa, country food, and the use of traditional skills of hunting, fishing and trapping. The adaptation of these skills to tourism, prospecting, guiding as well as aboriginal participation in oil and gas development and diamond mining indicate that such community involvement with a modern economy will outlast specific non-renewable resource use.     

略论史前聚落的萌芽与发生

聚落作为人类重要的文化现象,普遍发达于新石器时代,但其本身也存在着一个漫长的发展过程。从世界范围来看,聚落的萌芽似应发端于晚期直立人以来的地面穴居现象,并随着房屋建筑、墓葬以及窖穴等诸多要素的相继出现而日渐复杂。至迟在旧石器时代晚期可能就逐渐开始形成了一些较为显著的聚落布局规划现象,为史前聚落的进一步发展奠定了基础。     

Relevant Beyond the Roman Period: Approaches to the Investigation,Analysis and Dissemination of Archaeological Investigations of the Rural Settlements and Landscapes of Roman Britain

Archaeology has been firmly embedded in the British planning systems for over a quarter of century, and development-led fieldwork is now by far the largest source of new information available to researchers. Custom and practice in the way that such work is conducted has evolved over this time, yet methodological innovation has been surprisingly limited. Using the data gathered in a major survey of the rural settlement of Roman Britain, this paper explores some themes in the way that commercial work is undertaken and seeks to open up a long-overdue debate about professional practice in a development-led context.     

沦陷时期东北农村基层政治结构的嬗变

九一八事变后,日本在其所占领的中国东北农村加强了对基层社会的控制。沦陷初期,日伪当局为实施治安第一主义,沿用中国封建社会的保甲制度,以此维护对地方基层社会的殖民统治。后来,为适应殖民统治的需要,在基层建立起街村制度。不久,随着战争的扩大,日本统治者出于经济掠夺的需要,在基层社会建立了战时体制下的国民邻保组织。沦陷时期东北农村基层政治统治结构的变化,以及日本统治者为加强对东北基层组织和民众的控制所采取的一系列政策和措施,都是为其殖民侵略政策服务的。