塔里木盆地水资源利用与生态平衡及土地沙漠化

在气候极端干旱的塔里木盆地 ,人类开发利用水资源 ,使水资源消耗由以自然生态为主转向以人工绿洲生态为主 ,从而使生态环境发生相应变化 ,这种变化的基本规律是 :沙漠化与绿洲化并存 ,互有消长 ,“人进沙退”和“沙进人退”皆有 ,但以沙进人退为主。上游灌区引水增加 ,人工绿洲由原先多分布在河流下游三角洲向山前平原推进 ,面积不断扩大 ,使这里生态环境改善。河流中、下游由于水量减少 ,古代绿洲衰亡 ,天然植被退化 ,沙漠化扩大 ,使生态环境不断恶化。而处于沙漠和绿洲之间由林地、草地和自然水域构成的过渡带不断缩小 ,防护功能不断减弱 ,形成了沙漠危逼绿洲的严峻态势。     

The Rational Choice Paradigm and the Allocation of Agricultural Development Resources

Despite its analytic deficiencies and the doctrinaire purposes it has been made to serve, the rational choice approach to political analysis can have considerable explanatory value. Three examples are given of the utility of the sub-field of rent-seeking analysis in illuminating how public resources for agricultural development are allocated in developing countries: rural-urban relations, resource allocation among agricultural services, and irrigation policy.     

冷战史研究的互联网资料利用问题

互联网的高速发展和网络资源的日益丰富为冷战史研究提供了重要的资料基础.许多中英文网站和电子数据库是冷战史研究重要的参考和研究资料来源.通过资料的分类整理和灵活使用,利用互联网加强和拓宽学术交流,建立不断更新的冷战史研究资料库,从而推动我国冷战史研究的发展.     

The Assessment of Land Resources: Achievements and New Challenges

It is surprising that despite all the pleas and policies regarding the development of sustainable land use systems, there is still considerable ignorance regarding the nature and significance of land resources. This paper traces the development and achievements of land evaluation during the 20th century, with particular reference to soils. The most active period was between 1950 and around 1980 with the development of soil and land capability surveys, methodological advances initiated with the FAO Framework for Land Evaluation, and regional land resource assessments. Thus there were considerable achievements in land evaluation by the early 1980s, and subsequently there have been important advances in the subject through the application of GIS, spatial analysis, modelling and fuzzy set algebra. Since the late 1990s there has been a phenomenal rise in interest in soil quality assessment. Considerable debate has focussed on definition, and methods of assessment and monitoring. The latter part of this paper discusses the major challenges to the development and application of land evaluation. The inadequacy of much soil survey data in terms of variables, quality, spatial coverage and scale is emphasised. Also, there is a continuing need to highlight the centrality of land resource issues in any attempt to develop sustainable land use systems.     

The Land Resources of the Ukraine; their Evaluation and Inventory Methods

Three EU-based human geographers argue for the need to contextualize the meaning of the current economic crisis in Europe, pointing to precedents in European history. More specifically, they view Europe (as both a set of practices and ideas) as a product of successive crises that have yielded an unexpectedly resilient structure for the European Union, which retains sufficient flexibility to permit different EU members to adapt their economies to the crisis on their own terms without descending into the disintegrative pull of protectionism. The authors also show how the uneven effects of the economic crisis threaten a renewed east-west divide, and highlight the ongoing relevance of the European Union as a transnational fiscal regime with important implications for EUrope's future. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F130, F150, G010, N130, N140. 1 figure, 1 table, 58 references.     

美国博物馆教育资源的利用

美国博物馆中拥有丰富的教育资源,任何年龄各种职业的观众都可以享用.按照教育资源使用群体的不同,分为中小学、大学和成人三大组别,每一组有各自特殊的项目或课程.博物馆作为非正规教育机构,充分利用自身的藏品、科研和人员优势,从基础设施、人员配置、陈列展览、项目开发等多方面为观众提供接受教育的机会和条件,超越了学校教育资源的局限,成为校园之外最重要的教育场所.博物馆的教育职能受到普通民众的认可和接纳,达到全民教育和终身教育的目的,扩大了博物馆在社会上影响力.     

The Present State and Future Tasks in the Theory and Method of an Evaluation of the Natural Environment and Resources

The needs of optimal resource development policy in the Soviet Union have given rise to a new interdisciplinary research discipline concerned with the evaluation of the physical environment and natural resources. Evaluations are made of particular environments or resources or an integrated natural complex as a whole (the “object” of the evaluation) from the point of view of particular elements of society or society as a whole (the “subject” of the evaluation). Evaluations may be in terms of social utility, economic cost, technological feasibility, or medical-biological requirements. A number of methodological problems remain to be solved in evaluative research: (1) comparability between evaluations of particular elements and of integrated environments or resource complexes, (2) commensurability of various categories of evaluation (social, economic, technological) of a particular type of environment or resource, (3) the problem of weighting individual elements in integrated evaluations; and (4) the question of converting physical measurements into evaluations on a point scale.     

二里头文化动物资源的利用

二里头文化动物资源的开发利用,对当时社会生产、生活和文化的发展起了不可忽视的推动作用,应当引起夏文化探索者的注意.     

Scientific Principles of the Complex Utilization and Conservation of Water Resources

A leading water-resource geographer outlines a series of measures that, in his view, would assure mankind with an unpolluted water supply for many more generations. He opposes the view that inland waters are virtually lost to man as a source of water and that other sources such as desalting of seawater or melting of icebergs must be sought. The proposed measures envisage the gradual reduction and ultimately halting of the discharge of wastes and sewage into streams and lakes by the use of municipal sewage for irrigation of forage crops near urban centers and the provision of closed water systems within industrial plants, including treatment and reuse of wastes.     

Resources of Fur-Bearing and Game Animals in Yakutia and their Utilization

Yakutia is the Soviet Union's leading fur-supplying area, with five species—squirrel, white fox, ermine, muskrat, and, in some years, hare—accounting for 90 per cent of all wild fur deliveries. Changes in the level of fur deliveries by species are reviewed, with the greatest fluctuations noted in the supply of hare skins. In game hunting, elk, wild reindeer, and mountain sheep are found to constitute an important part of the region's meat supply.     

Study of the Climatic Resources of the USSR and their Economic Utilization

A combination of cheap natural gas and hydroelectric power resources makes Central Asia a promising site for the development of energy- oriented industries such as chemicals and light metals. The author shows that it is more economical to produce power-consuming products in Central Asia than to transmit cheap gas and electricity to other parts of the USSR.     

兴义红色文化资源的保护与开发利用

红色文化资源的保护与开发利用是全国及贵州省主题性旅游活动的重要环节,也是兴义发展战略整体旅游体系中不可缺少的重要组成部分。本文利用历史地理学知识阐述兴义红色文化资源的构成特点．并在分析问题的基础上提出对策和建议,旨在抛砖引玉,为卡斯特地区的经济发展提供决策性参考。     

Regional Problems of the Multi-Purpose Utilization of Natural Resources in Southern Asia

The authors emphasize the importance of multi-purpose utilization of natural resources, especially water resources, for the economic development of the countries of southern Asia. Water-management projects in India, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, and Indochina are reviewed.     

The Present State and Tasks of Higher Geography Education

The author discusses the teaching of geography in universities and teachers colleges of the Soviet Union, noting that the majority of graduates are being assigned to geography teaching in middle schools. He gives data on the distribution of students by day, evening, and correspondence divisions; problems in teaching methods; the organization of field practice; and the limited number of degree holders in geography.     

The Problem of Transformation and Utilization of the Water Resources of the Volga River and the Caspian Sea

Abstract

The authors review expected water requirements within the Volga-Caspian basin for industry, agriculture, fisheries and municipal uses and plans for the diversion of the streams of northern European Russia to the south to support the level of the Caspian Sea. They suggest that the diversion of part of the flow of the northern streams and isolation of the natural evaporation basin of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol will be sufficient to maintain the Caspian Sea level at ?28 meters. Previous articles on the Caspian problem appeared in Soviet Geography, September 1961, January 1962, and June 1963.     

The Present State and Future Tasks of Physical Geography

Progress in physical geography as a separate research and teaching discipline is reviewed, and unfinished tasks for the next few years are outlined. The discipline continues to focus on the study and mapping of landscapes or geosystems as integrated areal units of the earth's physical-geographic environment. Emphasis is being placed on the use of quantitative techniques and systems theory as well as field observations, particularly at permanent field stations. New areas of application of landscape research are found to be opening up in physical planning, design engineering, evaluation and prediction.     

The Recognition and Utilization of Silkworm Resources in the Hongshan Culture: Focusing on the Unearthed Jade Silkworms

Jade silkworms unearthed from the sites of the Hongshan culture reflect that the mulberry silkworms and tussah silkworms were recognized and utilized in the Liaoxi (west Liaohe River) valley from at least 5.5 to 5 thousand years ago. This not only makes the Yan-Liao region (extending from the Yanshan Mountains to the Liaohe River valley), where the west Liaohe River valley is located, become another prehistoric center of silkworm resource utilization besides the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, but also traces the earliest time and the area of the utilization of tussah silkworms in China from Shandong Peninsula in the Han Dynasty to the west Liaohe River valley in the Hongshan period. Meanwhile, the quantitative superiority of jade tussah silkworms implies that wild silkworm resources were still the main source of silk for the Neolithic inhabitants. The understanding and expression means of“taking jade as silkworm” and“turning silkworm into dragon” in the Hongshan culture coincide with those in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and are a vivid portrayal of the Hongshan culture as a direct root of the Chinese civilization.     

Questions of the Integrated Utilization of the Natural Resources of the Komi ASSR

The author views British Columbia as a typical newly developed industrial region of the advanced capitalist countries, in which stress is placed on the development of raw materials and semi-finished goods for the export market. The region's transportation, electric power, metallurgical and forest industries are reviewed in detail. High labor productivity and advanced technology are found to be typical of the development of British Columbia, whose experience is found applicable to parts of Siberia.