THE SYSTEM OF PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS IN THE USSR AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has developed a 10-category system for classifying the world's protected natural areas. The present article by two Soviet biogeographers, presented at Unesco's “Man and the Biosphere” conference in Minsk in 1983, analyzes the way in which the Soviet Union's protected areas fall into the classification system devised by the International Union. The article also discusses the types of protected areas found in the USSR, and the functions assigned to each. (The translation is by Philip R. Pryde, San Diego State University.)     

哈纳斯湖夜色

<正>哈纳斯湖像是位披着薄纱的睡美人,静静地在群山的朦胧夜色中安卧。哈纳斯夜色之美,对来自大都市的人来说简直无法想象。在摄影作品《哈纳斯湖夜色》中,长时间曝光下的湖水看上去就像一道意味深长情意绵绵的目光     

LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN THE LAKE SIMCOE-COUCHICHING BASIN, 1800–1983

Census data and Trimble's erosive land use (ELU) index are used to document changes in agricultural land use and potential erosion in the Lake Simcoe—Couchiching Basin during the past two centuries. The ELU index is represented by the cover-management factor in the universal soil loss equation and takes values between 0 (no erosion) and 1.0 (accelerated erosion). Basin-wide farmland ELU scores increased prior to 1901 due to intensification of agriculture, fell between 1911 and 1961 as yields and areas under grass increased, and then increased again from 1961 onward due to expansion in corn hectarage. The 0.152 index computed in 1981 is almost as large as the largest index (0.154)computed in 1891 and illustrates the huge environmental changes in the basin since early settlement without the beginnings of a permanent and more viable system of land use. Les changements d'utilisation des sols survenus au cours des deux derniers siècles dans le bassin du Lac Simco-Couchiching de même que I'érodibilité de ces sols, font I'objet d'une évaluation à I'aide des données de re-censements et de I'indice d'érosion particulier aux dif-férentes utilisation du sol (indice de Trimble). Le facteur de gestion de la couverture dans l'équation universelle de la partie de sol figure dans cet indice dont la valeur se range entre 0 (absence d'érosion) et 1.0 (érosion en accélération). Les scores pour les terres agricoles à I'éhelle du bassin ont augmenté avant 1901 quand l'agriculture s'est intensifiée, puis ont chuté entre 1911 et 1961 à mesure que les rendements et les superficies herbacées augmentaient, et enfin ont de nouveau re-monté depuis 1961 à la suite de l'expansion des superficies plantées en maïs. L'indice obtenu pour 1981 (0.1521 est presque aussi élevé que I'indice le plus fort atteinten 1891 (0.154). ll démontre les changements considérables survenus dans I'environnement du bassin depuis le tout début de son peuplement, alors qu'aucun système d'utilisation des sols permanent et plus viable n'a encore pu èmerger.     

天下会船数溱湖

<正>"清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂……"杜牧的这首《清明》,将清明节惆怅伤感的氛围渲染得淋漓尽致。然而十里溱湖的清明,却与诗人笔下的意境大相径庭,这里的清明时节,张扬着生命的活力,挥洒着炽热的激情,灿烂成一个盛大的节日……     

烟雨霏霏,榕湖的山光水色

<正>烟雨中的榕湖,云雾萦绕,墨绿丛丛,繁花点点。霏霏淫雨不停地下着,密密麻麻的雨丝把天地相连,编织成一幅巨大的纱幔。雨点儿扎进湖里,溅起水花千朵万朵。撑一把伞独自漫步雨中,在这柔美的榕湖之畔,在淅淅沥沥的雨的乐章里,享受那份久违的宁静和清幽。岸上,满目葱绿,一派生机,呼吸着清新的空气,神清气     

THE PERIODICITY OF DROUGHTS IN THE GRAIN-GROWING AREAS OF THE USSR

On the basis of a chronology of droughts in the grain-growing regions of the USSR, compiled from historical sources and the more recent period of instrumental observations, the author shows that the occurrence of drought may be regarded as a random process characterized as a quasi-stationary Poisson series of events. Most of the grain regions in the USSR follow this regularity. In the case of simultaneous drought throughout the principal grain zone of the USSR, comprising the European part and the Midland region (West Siberia and Kazakhstan), the sequence of events assumes a nonstationary character. Statistical parameters are developed for the time series of drought years and nondrought years, and are compared with extreme values in grain-yield fluctuations. Over the last 140 years, drought occurred in 76 years in at least one of the three major grain regions of the USSR (European part, West Siberia, Kazakhstan) while 64 years had no drought and corresponding normal or higher yields. A catastrophic drought affecting all three grain regions simultaneously is virtually (95%) certain to occur at least once in 20 years.     

中国森林面积缩减与生态环境的恶化

中国是一个森林资源比较贫乏的国家。更值得忧虑的是,几十年来,原本就十分贫乏的森林资源却遭到大规模的不合理的毁伐,面积缩减了24％。森林资源缩减,使生态环境严重恶化:旱涝灾害增加,土壤侵蚀严重,土地草原沙漠化,空气污染加剧,许多生物种类濒临灭绝。本文以大量数字和事实,尖锐而坦率地指出了我国人民面临的严峻问题,并提出了解决这一问题的方略。     

EVALUATING THE AGGREGATE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CANADIAN METROPOLITAN AREAS

Few attempts have been made to develop and test a conceptual framework for the comparative analysis of urban spatial structure and growth. This paper offers one aggregate approach as well as a series of empirical tests based on Canada's 27 largest urban areas. Six composite indices are introduced: population densities, rates of change, intraurban population redistribution, mobility rates, incidence of low-income populations, and degree of social polarization. Regression analyses reveal that differences among urban areas in spatial patterning and structural change are consistent with the hypothesized effects of city size, age, transport usage, social heterogeneity, production base, and physical setting. Yet immense regional and intraurban diversity remains. No single model of urban structure is sufficient to capture this diversity. On enregistre peu de tentatives pour mettre au point et tester un cadre conceptuel qui puisse servir à I'analyse comparative de structure spatiale et de croissance urbaine. Get article offre une approche g/oba/e ainsi qu'une série d'analyses empiriques basées sur les 27 territoires urbains canadiens les plus grande. Six indices composes servent aà l'analyse: densité de population et taux de changement de ces densités, redistribution et taux de mobilité de la population intra-urbaine, incidence de revenus faibles et importance de la polarisation sociale. Les analyses de régression démontrent que les différences dans l'arrangement des espaces et le changement des structures entre les zones urbaines sont en accord avec les effets supposés de taille urbaine, d'âge, d'utilisation du transport, d'hétérogénéité sociale, de base de production et de cadre physique. Cependant, une très grande diversité régionale et intraurbaine de-meure, II n'existe pas un seul modèle de structure urbaine capable d'englober cette diversité.     

COMMUTING TO WORK IN THE IRON-MINING AREAS OF THE KURSK MAGNETIC ANOMALY

The rapid development of iron mining in the Gubkin–Staryy Oskol and Zheleznogorsk areas and a lag in the construction of urban housing account for a high level of commuting to the cities from surrounding villages. There are 6,000 daily commuters within the Gubkin–Staryy Oskol node and 3,300 in Zheleznogorsk. Commuters represent 10 percent of the work force in Gubkin and Zheleznogorsk and 7 percent in Staryy Oskol. The construction of a large direct-conversion steel plant at Staryy Oskol is likely to introduce further changes into the area's commuting patterns.     

本刊特稿——重走晋商万里茶路 洞庭湖畔问茶香(中)

<正>4.洞庭湖中有君山翠竹斑斑湘妃泪君山的早晨是被鸟儿吵醒的。窗外婉转的鸟鸣使人置身于一个清丽的世界,面对大自然的诱惑,再也无法安睡了。于     

THE WATER BALANCE OF LAKE SEVAN BASED ON NEW DATA

Lake Sevan, the largest lake in the Caucasus, with an area of about 540 square miles, underwent a rapid drop of its water level after its discharge was artificially expanded in conjunction with the construction of a series of hydroelectric stations on the Razdan River, its outlet. The drop of the lake level was associated with adverse environmental consequences and led to a decision to transfer water from the nearby Arpa River to the lake to help maintain its level. The diversion tunnel from the Arpa River is under construction. New findings on the various components of the income and outgo of water have made it possible to adjust the water balance of Lake Sevan and to predict the balance after the Arpa-Sevan diversion tunnel goes into operation.     

THE TRADE OF INDO-PACIFIC SHELLS INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN AND EUROPE

Summary. This paper is on shells which originate in the Indo-Pacific marine province (Red Sea or other waters to the south and east) and are found at sites in the Mediterranean Basin and Europe over 250 km. from their source. The catalogue of over 160 sites yielding these shells ranges in date from the Upper Paleolithic to recent times. Sixteen sites which supposedly produced Indo-Pacific shells are shown to be incorrect identifications.
Many of these exotic shells are seen to come from graves and sanctuary sites. Some shells are unmodified, others made into simple beads, and some finely worked by engraving and incising.     

CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF EVAPORATION IN THE ARAL SEA BASIN

An analysis of evaporation changes in the Central Asian plain in connection with the drop of the Aral Sea level beginning in 1961 shows that there has been a reduction in evaporation from stream valleys and deltas and an increase in evaporation from irrigated land and newly formed evaporating surfaces. These new entities are primarily the Arnasay depression (west of the Golodnaya Steppe irrigation district) and the Sarykamysh depression (west of the lower reaches of the Amudarya), which have become filled with spent irrigation water draining from the irrigated land. Another new source of evaporation associated with human activity are the lakes and wetlands formed along the Kara Kum Canal as a result of the filtration of canal water. It turns out, furthermore, that irrigation on sloping piedomon plains, such as those watered by the Kara Kum Canal, requires more water than in old irrigated alluvial plains because of the additional water needed to flush salt out of the soil and to fill subsoil cavities and raise the watertable.