The Development of Geography in the Ukraine during the Soviet Period

A survey of geographic research in the Ukraine over the last 50 years reviews work in the various disciplines. In physical geography, research has focused on the problems of the steppe, including irrigation, droughts and erosion control. In economic geography, work has concentrated on resource development, agricultural regionalization and industrial geography. Research in geography is done mainly by universities, institutes of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and a number of government agencies.     

The Development of Geography in Belorussia During 50 Years of Soviet Rule

A review of the development of geographic research over the last 50 years. Principal research topics, authors and institutions working in the various branches of geography are identified.     

1948～1949年的苏中关系--苏联驻北平总领事的回顾

自中华人民共和国成立,已经过去了55年,而在我的脑海中,有关中国人民革命战争胜利前夜的历史事件和1949年10月1日天安门广场上宣告共和国成立的庄严仪式(我有幸是这一仪式的见证人)的记忆却没有消失.     

The Development of Motor Roads in the USSR

Surfaced roads, including gravel roads, total 510,000 km, or 37.5 percent of the Soviet Union's motor-road net of 1.4 million kilometers, the rest consisting of dirt roads. Only about 260,000 km, or less than one-fifth, consists of blacktop or cement or asphalt concrete highways. The lack of roads tends to cause considerable losses to the Soviet economy, particularly in agriculture. An accelerated road-building program is therefore under way, with the current five-year plan (1971–75) calling for the construction or reconstruction of 110,000 km of improved surfaced roads (blacktop and cement or asphalt-concrete) compared with 75,000 km added in the preceding five-year period (1966–70). The densest road nets in the USSR are found in the Baltic republics, in Transcaucasia, Moldavia, the Ukraine and Belorussia. The lowest road-density indices apply to the Russian republic and to Kazakhstan.     

春秋决狱法律内涵的重新审视

形成于西汉时期的春秋决狱,是我国古代一种独特的司法裁判方式。它对中国封建法制的发展产生了深远的影响。春秋决狱重视法律原则,注重法律的主观因素、法律的灵活性和法律适用的社会基础,它所蕴涵的司法价值和理念对我国的法治建设仍有借鉴意义。     

Economic Geography in the USSR on the 50th Anniversary of Soviet Power

Economic geography has, since the inception of the Soviet state, played an important utilitarian role in the planning and development of the national economy. The basic research of economic geographers in the preplanning stage should, however, be distinguished from the actual selection of an industrial site or of a railroad alignment, which must be the province of government design and planning agencies. Two approaches can now be noted in Soviet economic geography. One, closely related to economics, deals with the economic factors of economic location; the other, closely related to physical geography, emphasizes the regional approach to the man-environment system.     

Farming Problems in the Zones of the USSR and the Tasks of Soviet Geographers

The authors discuss changes in the geography curriculum under the Soviet school reform of 1958, which has replaced the basic seven-year school with a basic eight-year school and has extended the so-called middle school from ten to eleven grades.     

Scientific Principles of the General Outline for the Location of Productive Forces of the USSR for the Period up to 1970

The Council for the Study of Productive Forces, the preplanning economic research agency of the USSR, has completed a general outline for economic development of the Soviet Union over the period 1971–1980. The general outline contains sections devoted to particular sectors of the economy, to particular republics and economic regions, and to major areal development complexes. It is the result of a five-year effort that involved 20,000 scholars and technicians associated with 560 research and planning agencies. The present paper deals with the fundamental principles that guided the drafting of this 10-year development program, which has not been published. The paper focuses on five aspects that have been of particular relevance in resolving location problems: (1) the accelerating rate of scientific and technical progress, (2) the assuring of the proper territorial proportions in economic development, (3) the formation of new regions and economic complexes, (4) new problems in the man-nature relationship, notably environmental pollution, and (5) the close relationship between systems of settlement and the location of development projects.     

The Scientific Basis for Presentation of the General Geographical Relations of the Landscape Sphere in an Exhibit of the Museum of Earth Science

The author, a curator of the Earth Science Museum of Moscow University and an advocate of a general geography, reviews the methodological dispute in Soviet geography. He urges official status in education and research for a general geography that would be concerned with establishing the general geographic laws of the man-nature relationship and would delimit natural-social regions and zones. Such a general geography, in the author's view, would not supersede or dominate the other branches of geography, but would function side by side with the particular disciplines. Proposals made by I. P. Gerasimov in 1966 to restructure geography into basic problem areas instead of the traditional subdivisions are said to be in line with the efforts of those advocating a general geography.     

The Development of Geography in the Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia

A review of geographic research in Transcaucasia during the 50 years of Soviet rule. A great diversity of natural conditions within a relatively limited area has made the region a miniature laboratory and testing ground for a variety of geographic concepts, especially in climatology and hydrology.     

Fifty Years of Soviet Landscape Science

A review of Soviet landscape research, which focuses on the study of a hierarchy of natural geocomplexes, their origin, dynamics and structure, and physical-geographic regionalization. The main centers of landscape research thus far have been the universities. However, the utilitarian character of much of the research, with a direct bearing on agriculture, construction, urban planning and public health, suggests that government planning, designing and operating agencies should make wider use of geographers trained in landscape research.     

中国军队大裁军与新时期经济建设

以1975年邓小平领导的军队整顿为发端,中国人民解放军逐步走上一条大裁军之路。30年来,中国军队按照服从和服务于国家经济建设大局的原则,先后进行了6次大规模的精简整编,使军队总员额减少了65％,年度国防费开支在国家财政支出和国内生产总值中所占比例大幅度下降,探索和开创了一条有中国特色的精兵之路,有力地支持和促进了国家经济建设的快速发展,逐步形成国防建设与经济建设协调发展的局面,在正确处理国防和军队建设与国家经济建设的关系方面,创造和积累了宝贵的成功经验。     

“十二五”时期加快推动青海跨区联动发展的思路

推动跨区联动发展既是贯彻落实科学发展观的具体要求,也是加快区域自身发展的战略选择。“十二五”期间,青海要更好地推进跨越发展、绿色发展、和谐发展、统筹发展,除不断增强自我发展能力外,还应进一步加大与藏、新、甘、川等省区的深层次合作与互动发展,在合作中谋发展,在互动中求跨越。     

大革命时期中央银行初创资本金考

广东革命政府于1924年创立的中央银行,是中国历史上第一家以“中央银行”命名的国家银行,尽管严格讲它还不能算是真正的国家银行,却是后来南京国民政府中央银行的滥觞,在金融史上具有不可忽视的重要地位。特别是在北伐战争时,它担负起一切军政费用的支应和调拨的责任,对支援革命战争起了积极的作用。对于该行的开办资金,历来学界大都认为有粤币毫银1000万元,但根据对有关史料的分析和考证,这笔款项其实并不存在。     

Soviet Geographic Science and Problems of the Transformation of Nature

The author discusses the contribution that Soviet geography can make in solving broad problems of transformation of the natural environment. He cites as examples the Caspian problem, the problem of the surplus moisture of the West Siberian plain, the problem of Central Asian irrigation, the problem of snow-cover control, and the problem of altering the over-all water balance of a given area for the benefit of man.     

武帝早期的南郡政区

新发表的湖北荆州松柏汉墓35号木牍为武帝早期元光、元朔、元狩间文书。木牍上所写文书内的南郡各县名排序为:先由西向东,再由南向北,后由东向西记述外围,后以居南郡中心的江陵结尾。在对相关属县分析后,参照属县排序,确定出当时南郡所辖地域的大体范围,并对与南郡相邻的长沙国北疆变迁情况提出新的意见。     

春秋时期的职官考核制度

春秋时期已实行多种制度对职官进行考核．如复事制、社会调查、巡视制、上计制等。春秋职官考核制度承西周之制,并有发展。春秋职官考核制度与西周最大的区别有三方面：一是考察的主体不同。西周担任考察百官的主体是周天子．而春秋已变为各诸侯国各自进行考核与管理了。二是考核的对象不同。西周考核的对象是各个诸侯与西周王朝中央与地方的属官．而春秋则变为各诸侯国的属官。三是考核方式的不同。春秋考核方式除沿袭、改造西周之制并有创新。除把巡狩与述职改为巡访与复事,叉实行上计制与社会调查、巡访与复事制多种考核方式,构成春秋时期职官考核制度的新特点。     

先秦骑兵的诞生及演变

骑兵以其高度的机动性和攻击性在中外战争史上起着非常重要的作用。骑兵出现,大大改变了战争的形态,不仅加速了战争的进程,扩大了战场的范围,而且使以往的战略、战术以及后勤保障都发生了重大变革。从世界范围看,“骑兵在整个中世纪一直是各国军队的主要兵种。