GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF CONSTRAINTS ON LEISURE AND RECREATION

Constraints on leisure and recreation have become the subject of wide investigation in the leisure studies literature but have received little attention from recreation geographers. However, if geographical variables such as accessibility, mobility, and the relative location of recreational facilities and resources are conceived of as constraints, it becomes fruitful for geographers to approach these issues using frameworks that have been developed elsewhere in leisure studies. A secondary analysis of data from an Alberta survey (N = 4044) is used to investigate two geographical aspects of leisure constraints: (a) perceptions of the relative importance of geographical constraints versus other types of constraints; and (b) regional variations in the unfulfilled desire to participate in a new activity, the types of activities desired, and a set of 15 constraints items. The findings show that, while they affect recreational choices, geographical constraints are less influential than other types of constraints, such as cost, lack of time, and lack of facilities. Also, notwithstanding geographical variations in some constraints categories, other factors (e.g., respondents' age) play a stronger role in shaping perceptions of constraints on leisure. In turn, these findings suggest that recreation geographers could profit by adopting an interdisciplinary approach characterized by ties with other disciplines within the field of leisure studies. Les pentes des sources du bassin de la Rivère Ganaraska dans le Sud de I'Ontario ont été reboisées après la deuxième guerre mondiale pour diminuer l'érosion du sol et les inondations en aval. Les réponses hydrologiques au changement dans l'utilisation du sol sont examinées. Entre 1945 et 1990, la couverture de la forét de Ganaraska s'est accrue de 3,3 à 8,9% par rapport à la superficie du bassin. Durant cette période, le ruissellement annuel a diminué de 100 mm et les proportions de ruissellement furent réduites. Ces changements hydrologiques dapassent ceux prédits par les relations empiriques entre les débits et la couverture forestère et ils reflètent probablement les effets combinés de l'augmentation d'interception et évapotranspiration, de I'entreposage d'eau dans les nappes aquifères en amont bassin et de pertes importantes d'eaux des sources. Le reboisement éait aussi associéà une diminution considérable des hauts deébits et à une augmentation des débits minimum journaliers annuels. Le maximum annuel des deébits spécifiques journaliers moyens a diminué de 0,36 à 0,11 m³ s^-1 km^-2 (±0,10 m³ s^-1 km^-2) entre 1946 et 1962 pendant que le minimum annuel des deébits spécifiques journaliers moyens a augmenté de 0,0037 à 0,0062 m³ s^-1 km^-2 (±0,0009 m³ s^- km^-2) entre 1957 et 1990, tel qu'estiméà partir d'équations de régression. La réponse des proportions de ruissellements et des écoulements de points a l'augmentation de la couverture forestière était plus rapide que celle des débits minimum journaliers. Ces résultats laissent entendre que les réponses hydrologiques suite à des modifications mineures peuvent être dètectées selon l'emplacement de ces changements à l'intérieur du bassin. Les contraintes que subissent les loisirs font l'objet de vastes recherches en récréologie mais suscitent un intérêt limité chez les géographes spécialistes des loisirs. Cependant, si l'on conéoit les variables géographiques telles que l'accessibilité, la mobilité et le site relatif des centres et ressources de loisirs comme des contraintes, les géographes ont intérêt á aborder ces questions á l'aide de cadres élaborés par les sciences du loisir. Une analyse secondaire de données provenant d'une enquête effectuée en Alberta (N = 4044) a servi áétudier deux aspects géographiques de ce type de contraintes: a) les perceptions de l'importance relative des contraintes géographiques par rapport aux autres catégories de contraintes; et b) les variations régionales du désir non comblé de participer á une nouvelle activité, les types d'activités recherchées et un ensemble de 15 items de contraintes. Les résultats indiquent que, bien qu'elles aient une incidence sur les choix de loisirs, les contraintes géographiques comptent moins que les autres types de contraintes telles que les cou?ts, le manque de temps et l'absence d'aménagements. Pareillement, mis á part les variations géographiques de certaines catégories de contraintes, d'autres facteurs (l'a?ge des répondants, par exemple), jouent un ro?le plus important dans la facon de percevoir les contraintes sur les loisirs. En retour, ces résultats suggèrent que les géographes spécialistes des loisirs auraient peut-être intérêt á adopter une approche interdisciplinaire caractérisée par certains liens avec les autres disciplines existant au sein des sciences du loisir.     

ON SPURIOUS CORRELATION IN GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS

In human and physical geography, researchers routinely calculate correlation coefficients between variables that are in a functional relationship with one another. At least part of the correlation between such variables is due to the functional relationship and is termed spurious correlation. Such correlation contributes practically nothing to the understanding of the phenomenon under investigation and a systematic method for its removal is desirable. This paper provides such a methodology for cases such as (A - B) and B, for any random variables A and B. The discussion is also extended to the linear regression model when the dependent variable is in a functional relationship with one or more of the independent variables. In this case, it is demonstrated that spurious correlation does not affect the parameter estimates or their standard errors. It could, however, distort the coefficient of determination substantially, giving the false impression with regards to the model's overall goodness-of-fit. In both correlation and regression, formulae for the calculation of spurious correlation are derived. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the formulae in practice. En géographie humaine et physique les chercheurs calculent souvent les coefficients de corrélation entre les variables qui sont dans une relation fonctionnelle. Au moins une partie de la corrélation entre de tels variables est le résultat de la relation fonctionnale qui s'appelle corrélation apocryphe. De telles corrélations ne contribuent pratiquement pas à la compréhension du phénomène étudié. On cherche done à“éliminer cette corrélation, et nous offrons ici une méthode pour l‘éliminer dans des cas tels que (A - B) et B, pour n'importe quel variable A et B. La discussion s'étend aussi au modèle de régression linéaire quand la variable dépendante est dans une relation fonctionnale avec un ou plus des variables indépendants. Dans ce cas, on a démontré que la corrélation apocryphe n'influe pas sur l'estimation des paramètres ou leurs erreurs-types. Elle peut, néanmoins, fausser dans une grande mesure le coefficient de détermination, ce qui donne une fausse impression quant à l'adéquation du modèle. Dans les deux corrélations et dans la régression, les formules pour le calcul des corrélations apocryphe sont dérivées. Nous avons indue des exemples pour démontrer l'application des formules en pratique.     

THE PRESENT STATE AND TASKS OF COMPLEX MAPPING IN THE USSR

Recent developments in the Soviet Union's program of national thematic mapping and regional complex mapping are reviewed. A comprehensive mapping program along these lines, formulated in 1969 by GUGK, the government planning agency, has not been implemented. National thematic maps in the Soviet Union continue to be compiled by individual government agencies without coordination and without uniformity in legend and design, so that comparability is made difficult. The only thematic GUGK maps now being prepared are concerned with two long-term regional development programs in the Soviet Union–the rural development plan for the Nonchernozem zone of the European RSFSR and the construction of the Baykal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railroad in the Soviet Far East. The need for a comprehensive and coordinated program of national thematic maps and regional atlases or map series is once again stressed in connection with economic planning and environmental problems, and a program of continuously updated regional atlases, based on digital data banks, is proposed. Suggestions are also made for the coordination of thematic maps at the international level.     

GRAPH MODELING OF THE EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURES OF TERRITORIAL-PRODUCTION COMPLEXES IN NEW PIONEERING AREAS

A graph model technique is used to analyze the pattern of urban places in the Bratsk–Ust'-Ilimsk complex on the middle Angara River in Siberia. The places, serving as vertices, are connected into tree-like structures on the basis of a data matrix that uses the founding dates of the places and the distances between them. The resulting pattern of location reveals a linear-nodal structure that is typical of areas in early stages of economic development, such as the Middle Angara district, with its large hydroelectric stations and energy-intensive industries like aluminum and woodpulp. The graph technique is suitable for analyzing patterns of location at various stages of development and to predict the future evolution of the structure of urban places.     

THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF MILK PRODUCTION IN THE MOSCOW REGION AND WAYS OF IMPROVING IT

Ways of improving the locational pattern of milk production and processing facilities in Moscow Oblast are investigated in order to: (a) reduce the volume of long-distance whole milk imports during winter; (b) increase the size of the dairy herd in the Moscow Region, especially in the west, through more effective utilization of natural pasture and cultivated fodder; and (c) promote a shift in animal husbandry toward dairy stock in areas fringing the capital. Milk processing facilities are compared in terms of production capacity, direct sales versus shipments to higher-order processors, and percentage of output consumed within the oblast and by Moscow (translated by Andrew R. Bond).     

GEOGRAPHICAL CYCLES IN THE CIRCULATION OF MATTER

Natural scientists have long studied the circulation of matter within nature, and geographers have long investigated the exchange of matter between nature and man in the process of economic production. The time is now at hand to develop an overall theory of geographic cycles that would encompass the circulation of matter both within the natural environment and in the process of human activities. The author suggests an array of geographic cycles that appear to operate in the man-environment system, and shows how the identification and study of such cycles might provide a new focus for the organization of geography as a science, for geographic research and for its practical application.     

东北地区殖民遗迹旅游开发探析

我国东北地区由于在近代饱受日俄帝国主义侵略,所以遗留了很多的殖民遗迹.但是,由于它们都在某种程度上象征着我们民族的耻辱历史,所以一直没有进行有效的旅游开发.本文首先从6个方面论述了东北地区殖民遗迹旅游开发的理由;然后,又论述了东北地区殖民遗迹旅游开发的潜力、现状以及空间分布;第三部分,提出了3种殖民遗迹旅游开发的模式和3条主体线路;最后得出结论:可以通过开发正创意的活动来开发东北地区殖民遗迹这些负遗产.     

基于低碳旅游的旅游业碳排放测度方法研讨

随着低碳理念的出现和发展,低碳旅游已经成为旅游业发展的共同方向。测算旅游业碳排放是低碳旅游发展的关键步骤,但国内关于旅游业碳排放测度的研究仍处于起步阶段。本文基于国内外相关文献研究,将目前国外旅游业碳排放测度研究分为旅游产业碳排放测度和旅游地碳排放测度两大类,并分别结合国外研究案例对这两大类碳排放测度方法进行总结和分析。最后分析了国际经验对我国旅游业碳排放测度的适用性,并针对我国旅游业碳排放研究现状进行了思考。     

中国古代城的形态规模与分布位置的史地分析及遥感应用

本文主要论述了夏朝至战国时期中国古代城的形成与发展,说明中国古代城的形态规模与分布位置是与自然环境和社会条件密切相关的。城的形态受地理环境影响较明显,城的规模与生产力发展水平及城的行政等级有关,而城的分布位置主要是与国家的统治与稳固、城的经济发展等因素有关。文章最后还论述了遥感技术在探测古代城的形态规模与分布位置方面的应用和方法。     

PERCEPTIONS OF ENERGY PROBLEMS AND THE ADOPTION OF CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN EDMONTON AND CALGARY

The success of government efforts to stimulate energy conservation among the public ultimately depends on understanding patterns of energy consumption, perceptions of energy resources, and the adoption of conservation practices. These issues were addressed in a survey of residents of Edmonton and Calgary. Most respondents dismissed the seriousness of energy problems at the provincial level, although energy scarcity at the national and global scales was widely recognized. Conservation behaviour was characterized by a narrow range of adjustments perceived and adopted, attributable largely to patterns of resource perception and socio-economic factors.
La réussite des efforts gouvernementaux pour stimuler les conservations d'energie dépend, en dernière analyse, d' une compréhension des schémas de la consommation énergétique, desperceptions des resourcesénergétiques, et del'adoption d' habitudesconservatrices. On a interrogé les habitants d' Edmonton et de Calgary ace sujet. La plupart des réponses ignorent la gravité des problèmes d'énergie au niveau provincial, quoiqu'elles admettent la précarité des ressources énergétiques à l' échelle nationale et mondiale. L' attitude conservatrice se distingue plus particulikrèment à partir d' ajustements limités reliés géneralement aux schémas de perceptions énergétiques et aux facteurs socio-économiques.     

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL NONFARM PLACES IN THE USSR

According to the 1970 census, the Soviet Union had 37,800 rural nonfarm places with a combined population of 6.1 million, or 5.8 percent of the rural population. The census data are believed to understate the number and population of nonfarm places because they assigned rural places to the nonfarm category purely on the basis of their generic designation. Many multifunctional nonfarm places and rural places that serve as administrative centers and have little relation to agriculture were not categorized as nonfarm in the census. Although many of the smaller nonfarm places are likely to be eliminated over time, others will continue to perform clearly defined functions in industry, construction, transportation, and services. The situation is illustrated with particular reference to Novosibirsk Oblast.     

"塌陷"背景下中部旅游发展的地理学透视

从地理学角度分析"中部塌陷"背景下中部旅游发展的现象、结构、过程和机理对确立旅游业在"中部崛起"过程中的产业地位和发展方向具有重要意义.按照东部、中部、西部和东北的区划方法对大陆31个省份进行了分组,从"塌陷"概念出发,构造了表征"中部旅游塌陷"的理论假设模型.选定指标对四个区域内省份的旅游经济总量、旅游经济发展速度和旅游经济发展水平进行对比,结果表明:中部省份不存在"旅游塌陷"的现象和结构;四个区域资源竞争力、市场水平、空间区位、交通通达性和软环境水平等地理学因子区域优势度的比较结果表明:中部地区省份不存在"旅游塌陷"的物质条件.进而从"人-地关系"相互作用的角度出发,得到"由于游客旅游行为或目的地选择受政策影响较弱的开放性特征,使得在全国尺度上不存在‘中部旅游塌陷'现象的结论".最后探讨了"中部崛起"过程中旅游业的产业地位和承担的职能.     

文化旅游视野下的非物质文化遗产保护

文化构成旅游的灵魂,在文化旅游中,非物质文化遗产构成文化旅游的重要目的和事项.因此,实现文化旅游视野下的非物质文化遗产的保护与开发.必须要清楚上述二者的关系、必须了解非物质文化遗产的特性.通过对非物质文化遗产几个特性的梳理与描述,说明非物质文化遗产保护必须注意的一些基本问题,这些问题可以成为对待文化旅游和非物质文化遗产开发与保护的基本原则.     

厦门主题公园面临的问题、原因与对策

厦门主题公园运行的时间不长 ,但全国大多主题公园所面临的客流量少、重游率低等问题 ,在厦门已有突出的表现。文章剖析了厦门主题公园客流量少 ,重游率低的主客观原因 ,提出促进厦门主题公园发展 ,政府部门必须加大招商引资力度 ,加强宏观指导和行业管理 ;投资及经营管理者必须重新审定主题及规模 ,调整园区规划 ,完善和丰富景区旅游产品 ,加大宣传促销力度等对策及建议     

论旅游专业"四高"的人才培养理念与运作模式

传统的人才培养理念导致了院校旅游人才培养与业界人才使用的矛盾,从而使旅游院校毕业生呈现出低比例的行业就业率、高比例的行业跳槽率、低比例的行业停留率、低比例的行业发展率等问题和特征,院校、人才、企业相互有不满,矛盾重重.基于此,本文在分析我国目前旅游专业人才供需现状以及旅游专业人才培养模式存在问题的基础上,提出高比例的行业就业率、高行业停留率、高职位就业率、高行业发展率的"四高"人才培养理念及其运作模式.以期能缓解目前旅游人才供需的矛盾,改善旅游专业人才的就业及其发展问题.     

THE LENINGRAD REGIONAL SOCIOECONOMIC COMPLEX: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT

The evolving settlement network of Leningrad city and Leningrad Oblast, considered as a single planning region, is described, as are a number of changes anticipated by the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (stabilization and eventual reduction in the size of the local labor force, structural economic change toward “nonproductive” activities, closer attention to the balance between the region's economic profile and local resources and infrastructure). Of particular interest are recommendations for restricting further development in some machine-building sectors to renovation and retooling, for growing more perishable agricultural commodities locally, and for recognizing the Leningrad agglomeration as an official planning entity (translated by Jay K. Mitchell; PlanEcon, Inc.; Washington, DC 20005).     

SOME ASPECTS OF THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USSR

Studies of the geography of higher education have become increasingly common in the Soviet Union in view of two basic issues: (1) what some consider an excessive concentration of educational and research centers in Moscow and Leningrad, and a sparse distribution of such institutions in some other regions of the USSR; (2) the need for relating the specialization of institutions of higher learning to the basic economic activities of the regions in which they are situated. The author develops a number of measures such as indices of localization of undergraduates, graduate students and holders of academic degrees to assess the significance of higher education in various regions of the Soviet Union.