THE FORMATION OF “TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES”

This article will explore the multicultural challenges resulting from increasing numbers of migrant workers and foreign (non‐Chinese) brides in Taiwan, and discuss how such outside cultural influences create new forms of cultural expression, identity and citizenship. It will further describe experiences and present theories specific to Taiwan’s experience. Research on “transnational communities” is fairly advanced in Taiwan. “Transnational communities” in Taiwan are expected to “assimilate” quickly into mainstream Taiwanese society, and personal cultural needs and influences are largely ignored. These communities continue to remain isolated from mainstream Taiwanese society, thus making them “invisible” to society as a whole. Therefore, this research hopes to encourage research into “transnational communities” within the field of cultural policy studies and provide a basic picture of the cultural influence and development of these communities in Taiwan.     

THE TWILIGHT OF THE GODS? GENOMIC HISTORY AND THE RETURN OF RACE IN THE STUDY OF THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN

This article discusses the impact of genomic history, a subdiscipline that emerged in the study of the ancient Mediterranean in the 2010s. In 2014, scientists first published a method for extracting genetic material, which they christened aDNA (ancient DNA), from ancient human remains in hot climates. After a decade of research, genomic history is now poised to transform our understanding of Mediterranean premodernity, centering migration and conflict as the key mechanisms for cultural change. Despite years of critique, aDNA researchers have failed to seriously examine the bioessentialist assumptions implicit in their work—a failure that has led many to deploy language that is strikingly evocative of pre-World War II racialism. Even worse, some genomic historians continue to make troubling overtures toward the ethnonationalist Right, which has been ascendant across Europe and North America since the 2010s. This article traces the intellectual genealogy of genomic history from World War II to the present, examines recent attempts to answer criticism from the humanities and social sciences, and suggests paths for responsible use of aDNA in historical and prehistorical scholarship.     

THE CONCEPTS OF “LI(礼)” AND “FA(法)” AS WELL AS THEIR LEGAL EXPRESSION IN ANCIENT CHINA AS SEEN IN THE EXCAVATED QIN AND HAN DOCUMENTS:A DISCUSSION OF THE THEORY OF THE CONFUCIANIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINESE LAW

<正>I.The problem of the relationship of li and fa in ancient Chinese law Because of differences in culture,an independent law system,the Chinese Law System,came into being with its differences from other law systems of the world,which are represented by the Continental Law System(also known as the Code Law System)and Anglo-American Law System(also known as the     

LAST CALL BEFORE THE UNDERTAKER: A COMMUNITY’S PERCEPTION OF THE LOCAL WORKHOUSE AND OLD PEOPLE’S CARE BEFORE AND AFTER THE INCEPTION OF THE WELFARE STATE

Abstract

Workhouses were no doubt the first old people’s homes. Sick old people without social or financial resources had no alternative other than admission to one of these state institutions . These institutions instilled fear in local communities and admission represented a failure in society. Due to medical advances and improved social conditions, people lived for longer and during the 20th century the majority of the inmates were old people. After the inception of the welfare state institutional care for older people was mainly in buildings inherited from the poor law. Consequently, even after I948, for many old people admission to an institution still carried a stigma. By using oral histories of relatives and professionals who cared for old people during this time, alongside documentary sources, this article examines how the process of transition from poor law to welfare state affected families in Oxford. This first-hand perspective, missing from most studies on the history of ageing, explores how caring for old people at a time of great social change was influenced by the local workhouse.     

THE PUZZLE OF THE BANQUET HALL OF THE DUKES: THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF SWEDISH HISTORICAL RESEARCH STUDIED THROUGH LUDWIK FLECK'S “THOUGHT COLLECTIVE” AND “THOUGHT STYLE”

In 1312, the Swedish dukes Erik and Valdemar Magnusson married the Norwegian princesses Ingeborg Haakonsdaughter and Ingeborg Eriksdaughter at a ceremony in Oslo, Norway. In 1313, the two couples were reunited at a purpose-built banquet hall, believed to have been located in the medieval Swedish town of Lödöse. The main source of information concerning these events is the Swedish medieval rhyme chronicle The Chronicle of Duke Erik. However, a closer reading of the chronicle reveals that Lödöse is never mentioned in relation to the banquet hall. The article discusses the passing down of knowledge through generations of the same professional collective, in this case the professional collective of Swedish historians during the twentieth century, and demonstrates how the validity of once-established prescientific knowledge persists. To achieve its goal, the article applies Ludwik Fleck's terms “thought collective,” “thought style,” and “tenacity in science,” as well as Thomas Kuhn's concept of the “paradigm,” to a historiographical case study of how the proto-idea of the banquet hall being located at Lödöse has survived to become an established scientific fact. The location of the banquet hall concerns but a minor detail in the turbulent political situation of the Swedish kingdom during the first decades of the fourteenth century. However, the continuing reiteration of this minor detail is evidence of a larger phenomenon, namely how contemporary historical research is influenced by scholars in the prescientific past.     

THE SUPERB CRAFTSMANSHIP OF TIBETAN SILVER AND GOLDSMITHS——ON THE GOLD AND SILVERWARE OF TUBO

Inhis groundbreaking work The Golden Peaches of Samarkand of Tang Exotics,American scholar Edward H.Schafer extolled Tibetan silver and goldsmiths;it appears that Tibet must also be given an important place among the nations whose craftsmen contributed     

‘A STEPPINGSTONE OF CIVILIZATION’: THE HOJACK SWING BRIDGE AND THE NEGOTIATION OF SOCIAL POWER IN MONROE COUNTY,WESTERN NEW YORK STATE

Abstract

This paper examines the Hojack Swing Bridge, a 1905 railroad swing bridge in western New York State, and its role in the creation of and mediation between structures of power in the region. We first discuss the general design and mechanics of swing bridges, the history of the Hojack railroad in the region, and the effect of the railroad on industrial development in the area. We then demonstrate how the very location and design of the Hojack Swing Bridge was not only the result of geographical considerations, but also the result of competition and compromise between the railroad company and other interests. We close with a brief discussion of the bridge today and its recent demolition as a reflection of this ongoing competition in the present.     

THE STATE DIRECTED FOOD PRODUCTION CAMPAIGN AND THE FARMING COMMUNITY, 1939–45

Abstract

The paper will evaluate the differing responses of the farming community to the state directed food production of the second world war. In particular, it will explore the reasons why the vast majority of farmers endorsed the official directives to transform their farming methods, while evaluating the extent to which the relationship between the War Agricultural Executive Committee (WAEC) and the farming community was not always as harmonious as the conventional wisdom has suggested. Attention will also focus on the experiences, and legacy of individuals such as Rex Paterson and George Odlum, progressive farmers who used the legal system to challenge wartime officialdom.     

NAMING THE GREEKS IN THE ARCHAIC PERIOD:“PANHELLENES,” “HELLENES,” “HELLAS” AND THE NOTION OF PANHELLENISM

The labels “Hellenes” and “Hellas” are often considered to be collective names for the Greeks and have a close connection with the term “Panhellenes.” This article studies the process of naming the Greeks in the Archaic period and the relationship between these collective names and the notion of Panhellenism. By a literary and etymological examination of the relevant sources, it suggests that the designation “Hellenes” probably did not evolve from that of “Panhellenes” and that the terms “Hellenes” and “Hellas,” but not “Panhellenes,” probably have generic significance in the sixth century. Furthermore, with the Olympic Games and the Hellenion, a Greek sanctuary in Naucratis, as two study cases, the article shows the complexity of the development of Greek identification. On the one hand, collective names like “Hellenes” and “Hellas” have a centripetal force on trans-regional occasions, and on the other, those events also feature competition, privilege and express civic identities of both individual and community, which seems to be divisive.     

TASHI DASANG—THE FIRST ANCIENT BRIDGE ON THE “TEA-HORSE TRADE” ROUTE

<正>As the entrance to southeast Tibet,Markham County is the first stop on the"tea-horse trade"route in Tibet.It is the cultural confluence of Sichuan,Yunnan and Tibet.In recent years,the golden tourist attraction,the"tea-horse trade"route,has boomed because along it's path a number of splendid attractions are passed through, including the famous salt fields in Tsakhalho,hot springs in Chutsankha and the fascinating valley of Lancangjiang River.People may become familiar with these attractions,but will easily forget one important pass on the route of the"tea-horse trade":there is only one ancient bridge across the Lancangjiang River-Tashi Dasang Bridge at Tsowa Town.     

GLOBAL HISTORY,ENTANGLED AREAS,CULTURAL CONTACTS–AND THE ANCIENT WORLD

正Intertwined Institutions:Slavery as an Example While Global History and Entangled History are nowadays very much focused on modern times,there is a central area in which ancient history has set the pace for research since the 18th century:slavery.Slavery was common in many parts of the world up to the 19th century,it connected regions that were far apart,and it had drastic repercussions on both the"delivering"and the"receiving"areas.The     

CLASS OR COMMUNITY? MARX,THE RUSSIAN COMMUNE,AND CONTEMPORARY CRITICAL THEORY

This article explores the relationship between class and community through a discussion of peasant struggles and the commune during the Russian Revolution. Doing so, we show how Marx's class‐oriented reflections on community can help us to understand the role that the peasantry plays (or should play) in processes of social transformation. This enables us, first, to understand the relevance of communal forms for Marx, who believed that communitarian ways of life were crucial for overcoming a value‐based society. It is, in fact, a mistake to divide Marx's intellectual trajectory into two periods: a categorical Marx, who authored Capital and critically analyzed the classical theory of value, and a phenomenological, empirical Marx, who in the last years of his life abandoned writing Capital and focused instead on studying the Russian peasantry. Second, it enables us to discuss new externalist visions, such as postcolonial and decolonial theories, which postulate that the subordination of contemporary peasant communities is rooted in epistemology, culture, and local power relations. These theories are related to the old social‐democratic canon, which conceives of social classes as preconstituted entities and of capital as a parasitic externality that is incommensurable with social dynamics. The experience of the Russian peasantry calls into question all externalist and ontological perspectives.